State of Minnesota v. Amir Ali Saleh

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A14-0399

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Amir Ali Saleh,
Appellant.

Filed January 5, 2015
Affirmed
Rodenberg, Judge

Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-13-5611

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R. Marker, Assistant County Attorney, St.
Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Susan J. Andrews, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and Kirk,

Judge.

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

Following his conviction for first-degree aggravated robbery, appellant Amir Ali

Saleh argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the recording of his police
interview, which was played for the jury, contained prejudicial material and that the

district court erred by not providing limiting instructions to the jury. We affirm.

FACTS

Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on July 30, 2013, H.R. left his place of employment,

intending to walk to a nearby gas station. While he was walking and speaking with his

sister on his iPhone, a dark blue sports-utility vehicle (SUV), occupied by four young

men, stopped in front of him. The driver, who was later identified as appellant, said,

“[H]ey, Amigo, your phone.” When H.R. refused, the left-rear passenger, appellant’s co-

defendant, displayed a knife. Feeling threatened, H.R. gave the phone to appellant, who

sped off. After appellant drove away, H.R. returned to his workplace, explained to one of

the managers what had happened, and law enforcement was called.

St. Paul Police Officer Teip Vixayvong and his partners were on patrol when they

received the call from dispatch. Almost immediately after the report was aired, Officer

Vixayvong spotted the described SUV and stopped it. H.R. was brought to the area

where the SUV was stopped for a “show-up.” He identified appellant as the person who

was driving the SUV at the time of the robbery. Police seized a knife from the pants

pocket of the left rear passenger, and H.R.’s phone was found on the ground, near where

the stop occurred.

Appellant was charged with one count of first-degree aggravated robbery in

violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 (2012). On the first day of trial, just before

jury selection, appellant’s counsel advised the prosecutor that he had not received the

recordings of the police interviews of all suspects in the case until that morning, and he

2
requested that specific portions of the recordings be redacted. Among other things,

counsel requested redaction of the discussion related to appellant’s religion, his living

situation, and his having other warrants or being investigated for other crimes. The

district court instructed the prosecutor to redact the following: (1) “any information on

the [recording] that took place before [appellant] was advised of his Miranda rights”; (2)

“any inquiry about . . . Ramadan, or [appellant’s] religion in any way”; (3) any indication

of appellant’s living situation; and (4) “[i]nvestigation as to other crimes or other

warrants that might be active that don’t relate to this particular case.” The district court

also instructed the prosecutor to consult with defense counsel concerning the accuracy of

the transcript after the redactions had been made.

In its case-in-chief, the state played a redacted version of the recording for the

jury. The redacted version contained the following statements of the investigating

officer, Sergeant Thomas Arnold: (1) “[a]nd the evidence is so overwhelming, I didn’t

even need to come talk to you,” and (2) “[y]ou’ve already got one robbery in the

hopper,”1 to which appellant replied, “I sure do.” No objection was raised concerning

either the redaction of the recording or the playing of it for the jury. The district court

neither interjected sua sponte nor provided a cautionary instruction to the jury regarding

the statements.

The jury found appellant guilty of first-degree aggravated robbery, and the district

court sentenced appellant to 58 months in prison. This appeal followed.

1
The record reveals that appellant has a prior theft conviction but no prior robbery
conviction.

3
 DECISION

I.

Appellant argues that he was denied his right to a fair trial when the state played

the recording of appellant’s police interview in its case-in-chief, and the jury heard

Sergeant Arnold (1) describe the evidence against appellant as “so overwhelming, I

didn’t even need to come talk to you,” and (2) refer to the fact that appellant “already

[had] one robbery in the hopper.” Appellant contends that the error in allowing the jury

to hear these statements requires a new trial under either the harmless-error or plain-error

standard.

The harmless-error standard does not apply under these circumstances, as

appellant failed to object to the claimed errors at trial. See State v. Griffin, 846 N.W.2d

93, 105 (Minn. App. 2014) (“Because appellant did not object . . . , and the error was not

one of fundamental law or controlling principle, our review is limited to the plain-error

standard.”)

We may review for an unobjected-to error when the error is plain and affects a

defendant’s substantial rights. State v. Kuhlmann, 806 N.W.2d 844, 852 (Minn. 2011);

see Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.02 (“Plain error affecting a substantial right can be considered

by the [district] court on motion for a new trial, posttrial motion, or on appeal even if it is

was not brought to the [district] court’s attention.”). The plain-error standard requires

(1) an error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects substantial rights. State v. Griller, 583

N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). An error is plain when it is clear or obvious. State v.

Strommen, 648 N.W.2d 681, 688 (Minn. 2002). “An error affects substantial rights if the

4
error was prejudicial and affected the outcome of the case.” Kuhlmann, 806 N.W.2d at

853. “[O]nly if all three prongs of the plain error rule are met will a court order a new

trial and then only if the error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.’” Montanaro v. State, 802 N.W.2d 726, 732 (Minn.

2011) (quoting State v. Crowsbreast, 629 N.W.2d 433, 437 (Minn. 2001)).

A. “The evidence is so overwhelming” statement

When applying the plain-error test to the statement of Sergeant Arnold that “the

evidence is so overwhelming, I didn’t even need to come talk to you,” we conclude that

the failure to redact this statement from the recording was not plainly erroneous.

In arguing that admitting the recording in evidence was plainly erroneous,

appellant relies on State v. Hogetvedt, 623 N.W.2d 909 (Minn. App. 2001), review denied

(Minn. May 29, 2001). In Hogetvedt, the appellant was charged with assaulting the

victim. 623 N.W.2d at 911-12. On appeal, the appellant argued that, during direct

examination, the investigating officer improperly testified to his opinion that the

appellant was guilty of assaulting the victim. Id. at 914. The statement was objected to

at trial. Id. During pretrial, the district court specifically told the prosecutor that it would

be “totally improper” for the officer to testify concerning his opinion about the

appellant’s guilt and that the state was expected to caution the officer to keep those

opinions to himself. Id. (emphasis omitted). We determined that the officer’s testimony

was “egregious” because he told the jury, in essence, that he believed the appellant was

guilty of assaulting the victim, despite the instructions of the district court. Id. at 915.

We ultimately concluded that the officer’s testimony demonstrated that he expressed his

5
personal opinion as to who assaulted the victim, which made his testimony particularly

harmful and prejudicial. Id. at 915-16.

This case is distinguishable from Hogetvedt. Here, the district court ordered the

prosecutor to redact (1) “any information on the [recording] that took place before

[appellant] was advised of his Miranda rights”; (2) “any inquiry about . . . Ramadan, or

[appellant’s] religion in any way”; (3) any indication of appellant’s living situation; and

(4) “[i]nvestigation as to other crimes or other warrants that might be active that don’t

relate to this particular case.” Including the statement in the recording played for the jury

was not clearly contrary to the district court’s redaction instructions. Moreover, and

unlike Hogetvedt, the statement here was not offered as expert opinion testimony of

appellant’s guilt. Instead, the statement occurred as part of a police interview seeking

information from appellant concerning the circumstances surrounding the robbery.

Because the statement occurred in the context of an interview, it was part of a

conversation and was not being admitted as the opinion of Sergeant Arnold.

Even if we were to consider the inclusion of the statement to be plainly erroneous,

the statement had no effect on appellant’s substantial rights, as it was not prejudicial and

did not affect the outcome of the case. Kuhlmann, 806 N.W.2d at 853. The recording

was not the only evidence implicating appellant, nor even the most damaging evidence to

the defense. The prosecutor called five witnesses at trial: H.R. and four law enforcement

officials. H.R. identified appellant as the man who robbed him, and the testimony of the

law enforcement officials corroborated H.R.’s testimony about the events surrounding the

robbery. Further, appellant made several admissions during the recording, including that

6
he stopped the SUV so his codefendant could steal the phone and that the phone was

thrown out of the SUV. In light of the strong evidence of appellant’s guilt, the inclusion

of the statement of Sergeant Arnold had no effect on the jury’s verdict, and appellant’s

substantial rights were not implicated.

B. “One robbery in the hopper” statement

Appellant argues that it was plain error for the prosecutor not to have redacted

Sergeant Arnold’s statement that appellant “already [had] one robbery in the hopper.”

We agree that the failure to redact that statement from the recording was plainly

erroneous, as it pertains to “other crimes . . . that don’t relate to this particular case.”

Being within the parameters of the redaction instructions provided by the district court,

the admission of the statement violated the district court’s pretrial order.

Although plainly erroneous, we nevertheless conclude that the admission of this

statement did not affect appellant’s substantial rights. As previously stated,

overwhelming evidence of appellant’s guilt was presented to the jury. Further, the prior-

conviction reference was brief, lacked detail, and was not referred to again throughout the

duration of the trial. See State v. Budreau, 641 N.W.2d 919, 926 (Minn. 2002)

(determining that it was not error to admit unobjected-to statements at trial that were

brief, lacking in detail, presented only an imprecise suggestion of any prior bad acts by

appellant, and never referred to again). Nothing in the record suggests that the jury was

influenced in any significant way by the isolated reference to appellant’s prior conviction.

Because appellant’s substantial rights were not affected by the inclusion of this statement,

he is not entitled to a new trial.

7
 II.

Appellant also argues that the district court plainly erred in failing to reduce the

impact of Sergeant Arnold’s statements by instructing the jury that his recorded

statements were not to be used to determine appellant’s guilt or innocence. Because

appellant did not request or object to the lack of a cautionary instruction, we review this

argument under the plain-error standard of review previously discussed. State v. Word,

755 N.W.2d 776, 785 (Minn. App. 2008); see also State v. Washington, 693 N.W.2d 195,

205 (Minn. 2005) (providing that where a defendant at trial did not “seek a curative

instruction or request a mistrial, the question [on review] becomes whether plain error

occurred when the district court . . . did not act sua sponte to limit the testimony’s impact

by providing a curative instruction or to eliminate that impact by granting a mistrial”).

The Minnesota Supreme Court has stated that a district court should not interfere

with the trial strategy of a defendant, as acting sua sponte could “risk highlighting or

enforcing rights that the defendant had, for tactical reasons, decided to waive.”

Washington, 693 N.W.2d at 205. Consistent with Washington, a district court must be

mindful that giving cautionary instructions sua sponte might highlight an issue,

aggravating error to a criminal defendant’s detriment. In the absence of a request for an

instruction in this circumstance, the district court properly gave no instruction sua sponte.

The district court’s inaction here was not only not plainly erroneous, it was not erroneous

at all.

Affirmed.

8