State of Minnesota v. Charles ONeal Darby, Jr.

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-1038

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Charles O’Neal Darby, Jr.,
Appellant.

Filed April 11, 2016
Affirmed
Toussaint, Judge

Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-13-9451

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Andrew R. K. Johnson, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Davi E. Axelson, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Halbrooks, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and

Toussaint, Judge.


Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
 UNPUBLISHED OPINION

TOUSSAINT, Judge

After a jury verdict, Charles O’Neal Darby, Jr. appeals his conviction of second-

degree controlled-substance crime. Appellant argues (1) the officers did not have

reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify an investigatory stop of appellant because they

did not know who he was and did not observe any conduct by him to provide an objective

basis to believe that he was involved in criminal activity and (2) the district court erred by

imposing 19 additional months in prison based on appellant’s decision to leave and not

return to trial because this was not offense-related conduct. Because the district court did

not err in concluding that the officers had reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify an

investigatory stop of appellant resulting in a legal seizure and did not abuse its discretion

in imposing a top-of-the-box presumptive sentence, we affirm.

DECISION

I. Suppression Motion

Appellant first challenges the denial of his suppression motion, asserting that he was

unlawfully seized. Both the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and

article I, section 10, of the Minnesota Constitution guarantee “[t]he right of the people to

be secure . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures.” A seizure is reasonable if the

police officer has a “particular and objective basis for suspecting the particular person

stopped of criminal activity.” State v. Johnson, 444 N.W.2d 824, 825 (Minn. 1989)

(quotation omitted). Whether a reasonable, articulable suspicion exists is assessed in light

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of the totality of the circumstances, and “seemingly innocent factors may weigh into the

analysis.” State v. Davis, 732 N.W.2d 173, 182 (Minn. 2007).

Appellate courts “are deferential to police officer training and experience and

recognize that a trained officer can properly act on suspicion that would elude an untrained

eye.” State v. Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 88–89 (Minn. 2000). The standard for reasonable,

articulable suspicion is “not high,” but “requires at least a minimal level of objective

justification.” State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 843 (Minn. 2011) (quotations omitted). A

“mere hunch” is insufficient. State v. Harris, 590 N.W.2d 90, 99 (Minn. 1999). “When

reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence, we review the

district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard and the district court’s

legal determinations de novo.” State v. Ortega, 770 N.W.2d 145, 149 (Minn. 2009)

(quotation omitted).

In the weeks leading up to appellant’s arrest, St. Paul police received at least “four

different citizen complaints for . . . narcotics” tied to apartment G-4 at 1533 Woodbridge

Street, which they considered to be a “problem property.” The citizen complaints described

“a bright blue car with fancy rims,” that frequented the property and reported that “there

was drug dealing going on with that suspect in that car.” The complainants described

“people running in and out of the unit” and “quick exchanges” with the person in the car,

characteristic of drug activity, as well as “groups just loitering on the front steps” and

people propping the building’s front door open against building rules. Confirming the

complaints, the property manager and building owner told Officer Natalie Davis they

believed there was “a narcotics issue at the building.” Davis testified that the property

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manager and owner asked her “multiple times” to patrol the property. Following the

complaints, St. Paul police assigned 1533 Woodbridge to Davis for investigation with the

Central Force Unit.

On September 12, 2013, Davis and two Central Force Unit officers approached 1533

Woodbridge in the course of their routine surveillance. At the building’s entrance, the

officers saw five to ten people gathered around the front door, with the front door propped

open. As the officers drove up, they saw a bright blue Chevy Caprice blocking a

throughway in the building’s parking lot; Davis recognized it as the car described in the

narcotics complaints from the building. As the officers watched, appellant leaned into the

car’s driver-side window and emerged with several grocery-style plastic bags; he was the

only person near the car. The officers stopped their unmarked SUV behind appellant’s car,

activated their lights, and instructed appellant to stop. Appellant walked quickly toward

the officers, bent down, and apparently threw something to the ground. After the officers

discovered that one item he abandoned was suspected crack cocaine, they arrested

appellant.

The district court concluded that the officers seized appellant at the moment they

pulled up in their unmarked SUV and instructed him to stop. The district court went on to

conclude that the officers had reasonable, articulable suspicion to conduct the investigatory

stop, noting that their information was tied to a specific address, a specific car seen at the

address, and specific complaints from building residents. Accordingly, it concluded the

seizure was justified and denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

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 Appellant maintains that the officers’ “general hunch that he was dealing drugs

because of his association with [the blue] car” was insufficient to justify the stop, and they

had no current complaint on the day of his arrest. His arguments are unpersuasive.

We disagree with appellant’s contention that the officers acted on a mere hunch that

he was currently engaged in criminal activity. As described above, the officers had been

instructed to monitor the building as a “problem property”; had received at least four citizen

complaints, which they verified with the building owner and property manager; and the

complaints specifically identified a distinct, bright blue car with fancy rims that was

involved with suspected narcotics activity at the address. Once the officers arrived that

day, they identified the car involved with the complaints and appellant leaned into it and

removed something, from which it was reasonable to conclude that he was involved with

the car. The totality of these circumstances, we conclude, supports the officers’ basis for

the seizure of appellant.

In sum, reasonable, articulable suspicion existed to justify the officers’

investigatory stop. Given reasonable, articulable suspicion, the investigatory stop was

lawful, and the district court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress.

II. Sentence

Appellant next challenges his top-of-the-box presumptive sentence. Ordinarily, the

district court has such broad sentencing discretion that we will not review a district court’s

decision imposing a sentence within the presumptive range defined by the guidelines. State

v. Delk, 781 N.W.2d 426, 428 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied (Minn. July 20, 2010);

see Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2.C & cmt. 2.C.02 (“Any sentence length . . . within the range

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. . . shown in the appropriate cell on applicable [Sentencing Guidelines] Grid is not a

departure. . . .”), 2.D (“The sentence ranges provided in the [Sentencing Guidelines] Grids

are presumed to be appropriate. . . .”) (2014); State v. Jackson, 749 N.W.2d 353, 359 n.2

(Minn. 2008) (“All three numbers in any given cell constitute an acceptable sentence.”).

This court may, however, review the sentence imposed to determine whether it is

“inconsistent with statutory requirements, unreasonable, inappropriate, excessive,

unjustifiably disparate, or not warranted by the findings of fact issued by the district court.”

Minn. Stat. § 244.11, subd. 2(b) (2014). We reverse the district court’s imposition of a

sentence within the presumptive range only in “rare” cases. State v. Kindem, 313 N.W.2d

6, 7 (Minn. 1981). “This court will generally not exercise its authority to modify a sentence

within the presumptive range ‘absent compelling circumstances.’” Delk, 781 N.W.2d at

428 (quoting State v. Freyer, 328 N.W.2d 140, 142 (Minn. 1982)).

Here, contrary to the district court’s instructions, appellant did not return to the

courtroom for the reading of the jury verdict. In fact, after the jury concluded deliberations

but before the verdict was announced, the presiding judge saw appellant run in the opposite

direction of the courthouse with a female companion.

At sentencing several months later, the probation officer and the state recommended

a 98-month sentence, the middle of the presumptive range. The district court agreed that

the appropriate sentence would have been 98 months if appellant “had stuck around,” but

instead sentenced him to 117 months, the upper limit of the presumptive range.

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 Appellant maintains that the district court abused its discretion by sentencing him

to the upper limit of the presumptive range based on his flight from the courtroom because

his conduct was unrelated to the offense.

Appellant’s argument neglects established precedent providing that any sentence

within the presumptive range for the convicted offense amounts to a presumptive sentence.

See Minn. Sent. Guidelines 2, 4 (noting that the presumptive sentence is determined by

locating the appropriate cell of the sentencing guidelines grid containing ranges of months,

“within which a court may sentence without the sentence being deemed a departure”)

(2014); Jackson, 749 N.W.2d at 359 n.2 (“All three numbers in any given cell constitute

an acceptable sentence. . . .”). And, “[a] sentence within the range provided in the

appropriate box on the sentencing guidelines grid is not a departure from the presumptive

sentence.” Delk, 781 N.W.2d at 428–29. Because appellant’s sentence was not a departure

and district courts enjoy broad discretion in sentencing a defendant within the presumptive

range, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing appellant to 117 months.

Affirmed.

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