In the Matter of the Welfare of: P. J. S.

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-1697

In the Matter of the Welfare of: P. J. S.

Filed March 28, 2016
Reversed in part and remanded
Rodenberg, Judge

Olmsted County District Court
File No. 55-JV-14-7254

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Kristine Hartman Word, Assistant Attorney General,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant Department of Human Services)

Mark A. Ostrem, Olmsted County Attorney, Karen A. Arthurs, Assistant County
Attorney, Rochester, Minnesota (for appellant Olmsted County)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Leslie J. Rosenberg, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Considered and decided by Cleary, Chief Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and Smith,

John, Judge.

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

RODENBERG, Judge

Appellant Department of Human Services (DHS) challenges the district court’s

order directing it to expunge the juvenile-delinquency records of respondent P.J.S.

because it was not served with the expungement petition. Appellant Olmsted County

(Olmsted County) challenges the expungement order in its entirety, arguing that the


Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
district court abused its discretion in ordering expungement. Because In re H.A.L.

requires service on DHS when expungement of its records is sought, we reverse and

remand that portion of the order pertaining to DHS. 828 N.W.2d 476, 479 (Minn. App.

2013). Because the district court’s findings are insufficient to permit meaningful

appellate review of the balance of the expungement order, we remand for findings of fact

consistent with In re J.T.L., __ N.W.2d __, 2015 WL 9437753 (Minn. App. Dec. 28,

2015).

FACTS

On October 31, 2014, Olmsted County charged respondent by delinquency

petition with two counts of terroristic threats in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.713, subd.

1 (2014), and one count of disorderly conduct in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.72, subd.

1(3) (2014). On January 21, 2015, and based on a plea of guilty to one terroristic-threats

count, respondent was placed on probation under a six-month stay of adjudication. The

state dismissed the other counts. Respondent’s probation terms included attending

therapy. The district court set July 21, 2015 as respondent’s probation-discharge date.

On July 17, 2015, respondent moved to expunge his juvenile record under Minn.

Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6 (2015). The district court heard the motion on July 22, 2015.

In support of his motion, respondent submitted a letter from his therapist attesting to his

improved behavior and “strong[] motivat[ion] to prevent any further aggressive behaviors

or threats.” Respondent also provided e-mails from his youth baseball coaches, praising

his positive contributions to his baseball team. His attorney submitted a proposed

expungement order.

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 Respondent did not serve DHS with notice or a copy of the expungement motion.

Consequently, DHS did not appear at the July 22 hearing. Olmsted County opposed the

motion, arguing that expungement “would be detrimental to public safety,” and noting

that the juvenile had only completed his six-month probation one day before the

expungement hearing. At the hearing, the district court praised respondent’s

achievements while on probation. The court stated its belief that respondent is eligible

for expungement, but also expressed a hesitancy to grant expungement at that time,

because of how recently the underlying offense had been committed and because of the

limited benefit an expungement would provide respondent at that particular time.

On August 21, 2015, the district court granted respondent’s motion by adopting

the proposed order nearly verbatim. The order included, in part, the following findings of

fact:

4. [Respondent’s] age, education, experience, and
background, including mental and emotional development at
the time of commission of the offense support expungement.

5. The circumstances and nature and severity of the
offense, including any aggravating or mitigating factors in the
commission of the offense also support expungement.

6. [Respondent] successfully completed all court-ordered
conditions and has not been charged with a new crime since
the above charges were resolved.

7. [Respondent] has not been convicted of any offenses.

8. [Respondent’s] probation officer states that [respondent]
is in a really good place now and has completed all court-
ordered conditions.

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 9. [Respondent’s] pursuit of education, employment,
housing, and other necessities would benefit from the
expungement of records relating to the above charges.

10. There is clear and convincing evidence that sealing the
record would yield a benefit to [respondent] which outweighs
the disadvantages to the public and public safety of sealing
the record . . . . In making this determination, the Court has
considered the factors listed in Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd.
6(b) in light of the findings outlined above.

Although the district court’s order mentioned several of the factors enumerated in section

260B.198, subdivision 6(b), it made no mention of the factors identified in subdivision

6(b)(3) (concerning victim and community impact), (4) (concerning “the level of

participation” of respondent), or (7) (the circumstances “bearing on the culpability or

potential for rehabilitation” of respondent).

Olmsted County and DHS separately appealed the district court’s order. The

appeals were consolidated.

DECISION

I. Service on DHS

DHS argues that the district court erred by ordering expungement because

respondent did not serve DHS with notice or a copy of the expungement motion and DHS

did not have the opportunity to be heard. Statutory interpretation is a question of law that

is reviewed de novo. In the Welfare of J.J.P., 831 N.W.2d 260, 264 (Minn. 2013).

Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6(b), does not include an express requirement that

DHS receive notice of an expungement petition. But Minn. Stat. § 245C.08, subd. 1(b)

(2014), states: “Notwithstanding expungement by a court, the commissioner may

consider information obtained [from juvenile records], unless the commissioner received

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notice of the petition for expungement . . . .”1 We have held that this language imposes a

service requirement on a petitioner seeking to seal DHS records. H.A.L., 828 N.W.2d at

479. In H.A.L., we concluded that “[b]ecause H.A.L. did not serve DHS with her petition

for juvenile expungement, we reverse and remand only that portion of the district court’s

order to allow DHS the opportunity to be heard on the motion.” Id. We noted that

“[f]rom this point forward, parties are on notice that service is required pursuant to

section 245C.08, subdivision 1(b) if their aim is the sealing of DHS records in an

expungement proceeding under section 260B.198, subdivision 6.” Id.

Respondent argues that, because DHS presents no new arguments on appeal

concerning the statutory factors, the failure to serve DHS is harmless. Under H.A.L.,

DHS is entitled to be heard before expungement. The arguments of DHS involve issues

of fact properly for resolution by the district court. See Minn. Stat. § 260B.007 (2014)

(defining “court” as the “juvenile court unless otherwise specified”). We decline to

weigh DHS’s fact-based arguments for the first time on appeal, as doing so would be

beyond our proper role as an error-correcting court. Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203,

210 (Minn. 1988).

Because H.A.L. requires service on DHS when expungement of its records is

sought, we reverse and remand that portion of the order pertaining to DHS.

1
Under the plain language of section 245C.08, subdivision 1(b), and in cases where DHS
has not been served and was not afforded the opportunity to be heard, it is unclear
whether DHS is even bound by the resulting expungement order.

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II. Sufficiency of the district court’s findings

Olmsted County argues that the district court erred by failing to make sufficient

findings supporting expungement under Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6(b). We review

orders granting or denying expungements for an abuse of discretion. State v. M.D.T., 831

N.W.2d 276, 279 (Minn. 2013). Factual findings are reviewed for clear error, State v.

A.S.E., 835 N.W.2d 513, 517 (Minn. App. 2013), and issues of statutory interpretation are

reviewed de novo, H.A.L., 828 N.W.2d at 478.

“Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6, requires a district court to determine whether the

benefit of expungement to the petitioner outweighs the detriment of expungement to the

public and public safety.” J.T.L., 2015 WL 9437753, at *2. The statute provides, in part,

that:

(b) In making a determination under this subdivision, the
court shall consider:
(1) the age, education, experience, and background,
including mental and emotional development, of the subject
of the record at the time of commission of the offense;
(2) the circumstances and nature and severity of the
offense, including any aggravating or mitigating factors in the
commission of the offense;
(3) victim and community impact, including age and
vulnerability of the victim;
(4) the level of participation of the subject of the record
in the planning and carrying out of the offense, including
familial or peer influence in the commission of the offense;
(5) the juvenile delinquency and criminal history of the
subject of the record;
(6) the programming history of the subject of the record,
including child welfare, school and community-based, and
probation interventions, and the subject’s willingness to
participate meaningfully in programming, probation, or both;
(7) any other aggravating or mitigating circumstance
bearing on the culpability or potential for rehabilitation of the
subject of the record; and

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 (8) the benefit that expungement would yield to the
subject of the record in pursuing education, employment,
housing, or other necessities.

Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6(b)(1)-(8).

At the time of the district court’s order, it was unresolved whether a district court

was required to make findings of fact on the statutory considerations identified in Minn.

Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6(b). In J.T.L., we considered the newly revised statute and held

that, “[i]n deciding a petition to expunge juvenile delinquency records, a district court

must make findings of fact concerning the [statutory] factors.” 2015 WL 9437753, at *1.

We explained that an appellate court is “unable to review whether a grant or denial of

expungement constitutes an abuse of discretion unless the district court makes findings or

determinations on the record regarding [expungement] factors.” Id. at *4 (quoting A.S.E.,

835 N.W.2d at 517). We remanded with directions that the district court make specific

factual findings so that we might review “which factors the district court found to support

expungement and which, if any, of the factors it found to weigh against expungement.”

Id. at *4.

J.T.L. applies here. Without express findings concerning which factors support

expungement and which weigh against expungement, we cannot effectively review the

expungement order. See id. at *4 (explaining that effective appellate review depends on

sufficient findings of fact). Just as in J.T.L., the district court “granted [] respondent’s

motion[] by adopting his proposed order[] nearly verbatim.” Id. at *2. The district

court’s order mentions five of the statutory factors, but does not mention the other three.

The district court identified statutory factors supporting expungement, but did not

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identify the factors weighing against expungement. Neither did it find that there are no

countervailing factors. Under J.T.L., this is insufficient for appellate review.

Olmsted County urges us to resolve the expungement request on the merits by

reversing the district court’s order without remand. In part, Olmsted County seems to

argue that section 260B.198, subdivision 6(b), includes a timing requirement under which

the district court should have concluded that respondent’s request was premature. But the

statute imposes no such timing requirement. And any further consideration on the merits

would require that we assume the role of fact-finder. In juvenile expungement cases,

findings of fact are the province of the district court. See Minn. Stat. § 260B.007 (2014)

(defining “court” as the “juvenile court unless otherwise specified”); J.T.L., 2015 WL

9437753, at *4 n.3 (declining to “resolve the expungement request on the merits”).

We recognize that neither the district court nor the parties had the benefit of J.T.L

when the expungement was ordered. Our remand indicates neither approval nor

disapproval of the district court’s exercise of its discretion. We remand to afford the

district court the opportunity to make sufficient findings concerning the statutory factors

set forth in Minn. Stat. § 260B.198, subd. 6(b), as required under J.T.L.

In sum, we reverse and remand the portion of the order pertaining to DHS for

further proceedings as appropriate, after proper notice to DHS. We remand the balance

of the order for findings of fact consistent with J.T.L.

Reversed in part and remanded.

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