State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-1475

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Daniel A. Maldonado Zepeda,
Appellant.

Filed August 14, 2017
Affirmed
Ross, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-14-25792

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Linda K. Jenny, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal -Hill,
Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Ross, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Kirk, Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
ROSS, Judge
Daniel Maldonado Zepeda pleaded guilty to one count o f fourth-degree criminal
sexual conduct and one count of pattern of stalking conduct after he frequently groped a
female coworker. He now appeals his conviction and sentence , arguing that his criminal
2
sexual conduct was necessarily proved by, and therefore constitutes a lesser-included
offense of, his pattern of stalking conduct. He also argues that his actions comprised a
single criminal act that supports only a single conviction. Because the act underlying
Maldonado Zepeda’s criminal sexual conduct crime was not included in his pattern of
stalking conduct, his lesser-included argument fails . And because his actions involved
multiple occasions of sexual gratification over the course of five weeks, their difference in
time and intent prevent their characterization as a single criminal act. We therefore affirm.
FACTS
S.C. reported to police in June 2014 that her coworker, Daniel Maldonado Zepeda,
had been sexually harassing and touching her at work for the past five weeks. She reported
that he initially made sexually inappropriate remarks . He advanced to physical contact,
rubbing against her, thrust ing his pelvis into her from behind, and touch ing her legs,
buttocks, and breasts over her clothing. He attempted to put his hand down her pants, and
he grabbed her hand and pulled it toward his crotch. S.C. repeatedly told him to cease, but,
according to Maldonado Zepeda’s admission to police, he just “could not stop himself.”
The state charged Maldonado Zepeda with one count of pattern of stalking conduct
in violation of Minnesota Statutes section 609.749, subdivision 5 (2012), and one count of
fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct (force or coercion) in violation of Minnesota
Statutes section 609.345, subdivision 1(c) (2012). Maldonado Zepeda pleaded guilty to
both charges. He admitted that he touched S.C. on multiple occasions and that he “grabbed
her hand and tried to put it . . . between [his] legs and [his] crotch.” To support his guilty
plea, he had this exchange with his attorney:
3
Q: Now you would agree that when you were doing that, you
were -- you put her in a situation, uh, that, under the
circumstances, she felt terrorized of you and feared bodily
harm and you were doing this over and over?
A: Yeah.
Q: And under the law, there’s a charge that you fall under, it’s
a pattern of stalking conduct. Would you agree to that?
A: Yeah.
Q: And you did that by force?
A: Yeah.
Q: [A]nd when you did that, uh, each time -- many times that
you did this, and not all, you were doing it with the purpose of
having sexual contact with her?
A: Yeah.

The prosecutor stated at sentencing that “Maldonado Zepeda could have been
charged with multiple individual counts of nonconsensual sexual contact,” and that “he’s
charged with pattern over the course of five weeks, and then an instance where there’s one
act of criminal sexual conduct in the fourth degree . . . that occurred during that time
period.” The district court issued consecutive sentences on both charges.
Maldonado Zepeda appeals.
D E C I S I O N
Maldonado Zepeda challenges his criminal sexual conduct conviction on two bases.
He asserts that the conviction is improper because the state proved fourth-degree criminal
sexual conduct with facts that proved the pattern of stalking conduct, making his criminal
sexual conduct a lesser -included offense. He also contends that his conduct constitutes a
single criminal act warranting a single conviction and sentence. Neither argument prevails.
4
I
The state maintains that Maldonado Zepeda forfeited his lesser -included-offense
argument because he did not present it to the district court. But the supreme court has held
that an appellant does not forfeit his multiple-convictions claim or multiple-sentences claim
by failing to raise them at sentencing. Spann v. State, 740 N.W.2d 570, 573 (Minn. 2007).
We therefore reject the state’s forfeiture argument and turn to the merits of Maldonado
Zepeda’s lesser-included-offense argument, which we consider de novo. See State v. Cox,
820 N.W.2d 540, 552 (Minn. 2012).
A defendant “may be convicted of either the crime charged or an included offense,
but not both.” Minn. Stat. § 609.04, subd. 1 (2012). “A crime necessarily proved if the
crime charged were proved” is consi dered an included offense. Id., subd. 1(4). This
requires us to compare the elements of stalking to the elements of criminal sexual conduct.
A person is guilty of pattern of stalking conduct when he “engages in a pattern of
stalking conduct with respect to a single victim . . . which the actor knows or has reason to
know would cause the victim under the circumstances to feel terrorized or to fear bodily
harm and which does cause this reaction . . . .” Minn. Stat. § 609.749, subd. 5(a). “A ‘pattern
of stalk ing conduct’ means two or more acts within a five -year period that violate or
attempt to violate” a number of enumerated provisions, including “sections 609.342 to
609.3451 (first- to fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct).” Id., subd. 5(b)(15).
By contrast, a person commits fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct by engaging
in “sexual contact with another person” and by using “force or coercion to accomplish the
sexual contact.” Minn. Stat. § 609.345, subd. 1(c). “Sexual contact” includes “the
5
intentional touching by the actor of the complainant’s intimate parts,” “the touching by the
complainant of the actor’s . . . intimate parts . . . by coercion,” or “the touching of the
clothing covering the immediate area of the intimate parts” without consent and
“committed with sexual or aggressive intent.” Minn. Stat. § 609.341, subd. 11(a) (i), (ii),
(iv) (2012). “Intimate parts” include a person’s “primary genital area, groin, inner thigh,
buttocks, or breast.” Id., subd. 5 (2012). “Force” is defined as
the infliction, attempted infliction, or threatened infliction by
the actor of bodily harm or commission or threat of any other
crime by the actor against the complainant or another, which
(a) causes the complainant to reasonably believe that the actor
has the present ability to execute the threat and (b) if the actor
does not have a significant relationship to the complainant, also
causes the complainant to submit.

Id., subd. 3 (2012). And “coercion” is defined as
the use by the actor of words or circumstances that cause the
complainant reasonably to fear that the actor will inflict bodily
harm upon the complainant or another, or the use by the actor
of confinement, or superior size or strength, against the
complainant that causes the complainant to submit to sexual
penetration or contact against the complainant’s will.

Id., subd. 14 (2012).
Maldonado Zepeda’s argument depends on the “force or coercion” component of
his criminal sexual conduct conviction. He admitted that he contacted S.C.’s intimate parts
at least three times , touching her legs, buttocks, and breasts over her clothing. He also
admitted that he grabbed S.C.’s hand and pulled it to his crotch. He agreed with his
attorney’s statement that his conduct “fall [s] under” the charge of pattern of stalking
conduct. And he acknowledged that he “did that by force.” Maldonado Zepeda maintains
6
that he could have committed a pattern of stalking conduct only “ if he also committed
fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct” because “ the state’s allegation is that Mr.
Maldonado Zepeda was guilty of a pattern of stalking conduct because he engaged in a
series of acts that qualified as fourth -degree criminal sexual conduct —namely, touching
[S.C.]’s breasts and buttocks and putting [S.C.]’s hand on his crotch.” He implicitly
contends that his general admission that he used “force” elevates each touching instance to
fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct.
But Maldonado Zepeda did not admit facts that establish multiple instances of
sexual touching by force. His admissions establish that he used physical force only once—
when he pulled S.C.’s hand toward his crotch. As we view the record, t he admitted facts
establish just one instance of nonconsensual touching that supports of the fourth-degree
criminal sexual conduct charge, and multiple instances of nonconsensual touching that
support the pattern of stalking conduct charge. The state charged the crimes separately and
did not seek to prove stalking by proving fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct. The
stalking offense is therefore not included under the criminal sexual conduct offense.
II
Maldonado Zepeda argues additionally that, because his conduct constituted a single
criminal act under Minnesota Statutes section 609.035 (2012), the district court
inappropriately entered multiple convictions and sentences . Whether a defendant’s
offenses occurred as a part of a single course of conduct is a mixed question of law and
fact. State v. Jones , 848 N.W.2d 528, 533 (Minn. 2014). We review the district court’s
findings of fact for clear error, but we review the district court’s application of the law to
7
those facts de novo. Id. The answer depends on the time and location of the offenses and
whether they were motivated by a single criminal ob jective. State v. Bertsch, 707 N.W.2d
660, 664 (Minn. 2006).
Maldonado Zepeda does not challenge the district court’s general factual findings,
only its conclusion that his conduct did not constitute a single behavioral incident (a
conclusion that similarl y applies to single criminal acts) . He declares that his “offenses
shared a unity of time and place” and that they shared “an indivisible state of mind,” which
was “to have sexual contact” with S.C.
We believe our reasoning in State v. Suhon directs the result here. 742 N.W.2d 16
(Minn. App. 2007), review denied (Minn. Feb. 19, 2008). In Suhon, as here, the defendant
engaged in multiple instances of nonconsensual sexual conduct with the same victim, he
abused the same victim in the same building, and his intent in each encounter was to gratify
himself sexually. 742 N.W.2d at 24. We analyzed Suhon’s single-incident argument in part
this way:
[D]ays passed between the incidents, and sometimes up to a
week. Although the abuse always occurred in the Suhon home,
it happened in many different rooms and at different times.
And this court has held under similar facts that “motivation by
perverse sexual desires” is too broad to constitute a single
criminal objective. Suhon’s abuse did not constitute a s ingle
behavioral incident . . . .

Id. (citations omitted).
As to Maldonado Zepeda’s temporal -unity argument, as in Suhon, the conduct
occurred on multiple occasions. It is true that Maldonado Zepeda’s five-week conduct
occurred over a shorter period than Suhon’s. But the supreme court has held that no unity
8
of time existed between multiple incidents occurring in just a single weekend, see, e.g.,
State v. McLemore, 351 N.W.2d 927, 928 (Minn. 1984), and between incidents occurring
within five hours of each other, see, e.g., State v. Stevenson, 286 N.W.2d 719, 720 (Minn.
1979). We see no temporal unity here.
A closer issue concerns unity of place. Maldonado Zepeda’s conduct occurred in
the same general location —the workplace. But in Suhon, the abuse occurred in various
locations within Suhon’s home. 742 N.W.2d at 24. The record does not say where within
the workplace Maldonado Zepeda’s offenses occurred. We can assume unity of location
for the sake of our analysis.
Maldonado Zepeda argues that his singular intention in touching S.C. was “to have
sexual contact” with her. As to whether the defendant had a singular intention, we consider
the relationship of the incidents to each other. Jones, 848 N.W.2d at 533. “Broad statements
of criminal purpose do not unify separate acts into a single course of conduct. ” Id. And
offenses are independent of each other when “nothing in the record reveals that either crime
was in furthe rance of the other or . . . a single criminal objective.” Mercer v. State , 290
N.W.2d 623, 626 (Minn. 1980). Just as the defendant’s general assertion of “perverse
sexual desires” was too broad a statement of intent in Suhon, 742 N.W.2d at 24, Maldonado
Zepeda’s desiring sexual contact is too broadly stated to unite his acts into a single criminal
act. See also State v. Secrest , 437 N.W.2d 683, 685 (Minn. App. 1989), review denied
(Minn. May 24, 1989) . We observe that the caselaw is not entirely clear on this point.
Compare State v. Bakken , 871 N.W.2d 418, 425 –26 (Minn. App. 2015) (holding that
collecting child pornography for “personal sexual gratification” was too broad a criminal
9
objective to be a single criminal act), aff’d, 883 N.W.2d 264 (M inn. 2016), with State v.
Herberg, 324 N.W.2d 346, 349 (Minn. 1982) (relying on defendant’s motivation “to satisfy
his perverse sexual needs” to find single behavioral incident where multiple sexual acts
occurred in a single afternoon) , and State v. Spears , 560 N.W.2d 723, 727 (Minn. App.
1997) (following Herberg’s sexual-needs rationale when “[a]ll three offenses took place in
Spears’s parked car within a 45-minute period”), review denied (Minn. May 28, 1997). But
we are certain that our approach in Suhon fits here. Although Maldonado Zepeda’s actions
have a similar intent, they do not have a shared intent, in that the instances do not build
upon one another. See Mercer , 290 N.W.2d at 626. As the state argued at sentencing,
Maldonado Zepeda’s “sexual conta cts were not done with a purpose to harass, but were
mainly motivated by [his] sexual impulses.” An impulse to pursue sexual contact with a
person in one instance may be similar to an impulse to pursue sexual contact with the same
person on a different day, but each of those impulses is an independent dynamic.
This case differs materially from those in which multiple acts supported a unifying,
single objective. For example, Maldonado Zepeda did not admit that his purpose was to
repeatedly harass, intimidate, or stalk S.C. See, e.g., Jones, 848 N.W.2d at 533 (finding
single course of conduct because defendant sent 33 text messages to victim within two and
a half hours, while the victim was at work, and with “a singular intent to intimidate and
harass” the victim); State v. Schmidt, 612 N.W.2d 871, 876 (Minn. 2000) (finding single
behavioral incident because conduct occurring on the street in front of victims’ home over
the course of a year was directed toward a single criminal objective of harassing the victims
and criminal complaint used identical facts for multiple counts); State v. Mullen , 577
10
N.W.2d 505, 511 –12 (Minn. 1998) (finding unity of time, place, and intent where
“telephone calls and breaking [a] window occurred within a few hours and were motivated
by a continuous intent to harass” the victim); but see State v. Richardson, 633 N.W.2d 879,
888–89 (Minn. App. 2001) (finding that single purpose of harassing victims did not
establish single behavioral incident when defendant’s conduct occurred against multiple
victims between 1991 and 1999). Maldonado Zepeda’s separate acts of sexual contact in
different forms on different days imply that he sought to satisfy his recurring but distinct
sexual interests as they affected him on different occasions. We see no overall, unifying
intent in his conduct.
Affirmed.