State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-1600

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Bang Tang Wuol,
Appellant.

Filed July 31, 2017
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
Bratvold, Judge

Mower County District Court
File No. 50-CR-15-1912

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Karen B. McGillic, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota; and

Kristen M. Nelsen, Mower County Attorney, Austin, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Ap pellate Public Defender, John Donovan, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Jesson, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and
Bratvold, Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
BRATVOLD, Judge
Appellant argues his convictions of felony theft and receiving stolen property must
be reversed because the state constructively amended the complaint when it argued an
2
aiding-and-abetting theory for the first time during closing, and the amendment prejudiced
his substantial rights. A lternatively, appellant asserts his conviction of receiving stolen
property must be vacated because it is a lesser -included offense of theft . Because we
discern no error from the state’s constructive amendment of the complaint, we affirm in
part. But because receiving stolen property is a lesser-included offense of theft, we reverse
in part and remand to the district court with instructions to vacate the formal adjudicated
conviction of that count, consistent with this opinion.
FACTS
Around 5:00 a.m. on April 26, 2015, two officers responded to a dispatch report of
two men seen carrying two televisions down a bike path. An officer approached K.K., a
juvenile, and saw two televisions and a backpack lying on the ground behind him.
Meanwhile, the other officer found appellant Bang Wuol lying on the ground in a tree line
nearby. Wuol had two cell phones, a cell phone charger, a remote control for an LG
television, and a PlayStation controller in his possession . In response to questio ns, K.K.
said all items belonged to Wuol, who was moving in with him. Separately, Wuol told the
officers that the items did not belong to him but belonged to a friend, whose name he could
not remember. The officers confiscated the property, believing it was stolen, but dropped
off K.K. and Wuol at K.K.’s mother’s house because the officers had no “reason to hold
them at that point.”
An officer later searched the backpack and found a laptop with its changer , a
PlayStation controller, and games. The officer started the laptop and discovered it belonged
to L.F. When police contacted L.F., she told them that several belongings were missing
3
from her townhome, including a: laptop computer ($400–500); Sony PlayStation 3 ($350);
DVD ($25 –30); 42-inch LG television ($400); 32-inch Vizio television ($250); purse
containing $80 cash; and two cell phones ($200 and $100).
Because the confiscated property matched the inventory of missing property that
L.F. provided, police continued their investigation. K.K. told police that he was “involved”
in taking the property and planned to sell it because he needed money. K.K. also told police
that they would find L.F.’s purse near her townhome. Police found the purse across the
street from the townhome with all of its contents, except the $80 cash.
The state charged Wuol wit h first -degree burglary, theft, and receiving stolen
property. The complaint alleged that Wuol was guilty of felony-level offenses because “the
value of the stolen property was more than $1,000, but not more than $5,000.”
Wuol waived his right to a jury trial, and the district cou rt held a court trial on
August 1, 2016. During his defense, Wuol testified he was “highly intoxicated” o n the
morning of April 26, 2015, and did not remember carrying “anything.” Wuol also testified
that he knew K.K. but did not remember meeting him on April 26. Wuol denied being near
L.F.’s townhome on April 26 or the night before.
During closing arguments, the state conceded that it lacked sufficient evidence to
convict Wuol of first -degree burglary because the evidence was “thin on whether or not
Mr. Wuol was ever in” L.F.’s townhome. The state argued that the evidence established
beyond a reasonable doubt that Wuol was guilty of a felony because the stolen property
was worth over $1,000. In response, Wuol’s attorney argued that “at best” he only could
be convicted of a gross misdemeanor based on the value of the property he actually
4
possessed. In rebuttal, the state responded “that aiding and abetting would come into play
here, so [Wuol] would be responsible for the total value of the property that he and [K.K.]
had.”
The district court acquitted Wuol of first-degree burg lary but convicted him of
felony theft and receiving stolen property. The district court discredited Wuol’s testimony
that he was so intoxicated “h e didn’t know what he was doing, ” finding that Wuol’s
conduct and statements to police established that he intentionally transferred and concealed
L.F.’s property “knowing that it wasn’t his to have.”
The district court relied on an aiding -and-abetting theory to reach felony -level
offenses, stating that K.K. and Wuol “together had property in an amount in excess of a
thousand dollars but less than $5,000; thereby making them or at least Mr. Wuol gu ilty of
that felony count.” The district court later sentenced Wuol to two executed sentences of
one year and one day, to be served concurrently with each other. Wuol appeals.
D E C I S I O N
I. The district court did not plainly err in allowing the state to constructively
amend the complaint to add an aiding-and-abetting theory to establish felony-
level offenses.

Wuol argues that his convictions must be reversed because the state’s constructive
amendment of the complaint to add aiding and abetting prejudiced his substantial rights.
Because Wuol did not object at trial, we will apply the plain-error standard of review. State
v. Beaulieu, 859 N.W.2d 275, 279 (Minn. 2015). Wuol bears the burden of establishing an
error, that is plain, and that affects his substantial rights. Id. An error is “plain” if it clearly
contravenes caselaw or a rule. State v. Cao, 788 N.W.2d 710, 715 (Minn. 2010).
5
Initially, we consider whether the state constructively amended its complaint against
Wuol. A person who commits theft or receiving stolen property may be sentenced up to
five years if “the value of the property or services stolen is more than $1,000 but not more
than $5,000.” Minn. Stat. § 609.52, subd. 3(3)(a) (2014); Minn. Stat. § 609.53, subd. 1
(2014). Here, the state’s complaint alleged felony theft and receiving stolen property but
did not allege aiding and abetting or cite the aiding-and-abetting statute. See Minn. Stat.
§ 609.05, subd. 1 (2014) (“A person is criminally liable for a crime committed by another
if the person intentionally aids . . . the other to commit the crime.”).
We conclude that the state constructively ame nded the complaint when it argued
during closing that Wuol was guilty of a felony based on aiding and abetting. See State v.
DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d 837, 845–46 (Minn. 1999) (noting that “the indictment was never
formally amended,” but jury instructions that added vicarious -liability theory was a
“variance” from the indictment, subject to rule 17.05); State v. Guerra, 562 N.W.2d 10, 13
(Minn. App. 1997) (concluding that state constructively amended the complaint when,
midtrial, the district court allowed the state to reopen its case to present additional evidence
on new charge).
Next, we consider whether the district court plainly erred in allowing the
constructive amendment. Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 17.05 provides that a
district court may allow the state to amend the complaint “ at any time before verdict ” if:
(1) “no additional or different offense is charged,” and (2) “the defendant’ s subs tantial
rights are not prejudiced. ” See State v. Ostrem , 535 N.W.2d 916, 922 (Minn. 1995)
(providing the rule 17.05 “two -step process”). Wuol concedes , and we conclude, that
6
aiding and abetting is not an additional or different offense. See DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at
846 (“We have long held that aiding and abetting is not a separate substantive offense and
can be added at any point prior to a verdict or f inding.”). Thus, rule 17.05’s first
requirement is satisfied because the state did not add a new or different offense.
Regarding the s econd requirement, the state argues that Wuol’s substantial rights
were not prejudiced because the first requirement was satisfied. The state relies on Ostrem,
which held that, “i n order to prejudice the substantial rights of th e defendant, it must be
shown that the amendment either added or charged a different offense.” 535 N.W.2d at 923
(quoting Gerdes v. State, 319 N.W.2d 710, 712 (Minn. 1982)). Wuol responds that we must
analyze the prejudice prong, even if no new offense was added. We agree with Wuol that
rule 17.05 has two independent requirements. See Guerra, 562 N.W.2d at 13 (labeling the
second requirement as an “ independent proscription” (emphasis added) ); see also
DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at 846–47 (analyzing the second requirement after concluding that
the first requirement was met ). Therefore, we will ana lyze the second rule 17.05
requirement.
Wuol presents three reasons why the state’s constructive amendment prejudiced his
substantial rights, which we address in turn. Before beginning, we note that t he parties
appear to agree that, if Wuol had been convicted based solely on the value of the property
he actually possessed, he could have only been convicted of gross misdemeanor -level
offenses. See Minn. Stat. § 609.52, subd. 3(4) (2014) (gross misdemeanor-level theft based
on stolen property valued between $500 and $1,000).
7
First, Wuol argues the complaint provided inadequate notice of an aiding -and-
abetting theory. But the complaint alleged felony-level offenses for stolen property worth
more than $1,000. The probable -cause statement attached to the complaint described
K.K.’s involvement and listed all of the stolen property, with an estimated total value of
$3,000. A court may consider police reports and statements in d etermining whether a
defendant has notice of the state’s theory. See State v. DeFoe, 280 N.W.2d 38, 40 (Minn.
1979) (concluding appellant had notice of state’s aiding-and-abetting theory because the
complaint together with “the reports and statements attached” to it made “clear” the state’s
theory and there was “no possibility that [appellant] was confused as to the nature of the
charges”). Because the complaint and probable-cause statement implicitly alleged aiding
and abetting, Wuol had adequate notice of the nature of the charges and the state’s aiding-
and-abetting theory.
Second, Wuol argues that, during trial, the state’s theory changed because the state
focused solely on the property within Wuol’s “immediate possession” until rebuttal, when
it first mentioned the “total value of the property.” It is true that the state cross-examined
Wuol about whether he remembered carrying anything, which Wuol denied because he
was “highly intoxicated.” But the state began its case by asking L.F. to identify which items
she foun d missing and the value of each item, totaling between $1,805 and $1,910.
Additionally, the state questioned th e responding officers about K.K.’s and Wuol’s
conduct, proximity, and statements. The record established that Wuol and K.K. admitted
that they were “moving” the property, although K.K. said the property belonged to Wuol
and Wuol denied that, saying it belong to “a friend.” The record also established that some
8
of L.F.’s property was found hidden on Wuol and that K.K. planned to sell the items. Taken
together, the record supports the inference that Wuol was intentionally helping K.K.
commit the crime of theft and establishes that the state relied on aiding and abetting
throughout trial and did not change its theory in any meaningful way.
Third, Wuol argues the amendment prejudiced his substantial rights because it
occurred at the “eleventh hour” and he was unable to present an adequate defense . See
DeVerney, 592 N.W.2d at 846 (“[T]he opportunity to prepare a defense in a crimi nal case
is a substantial right.”). Wuol maintains that his trial theory was that “his conduct and the
items he actually possessed did not reach felony level valuations.” But the record reflects
that Wuol defended the charges by asserting he was too intoxicated to form intent and by
challenging the value of the stolen property .1 Wuol asserts that he would have asked
different questions during witness examination had he known about the state’s aiding-and-
abetting theory. We are unpersuaded because, as discussed, the complaint and related
probable-cause statement , as well as the direct testimony of L.F. and police officers,
provided notice that the state was relying on the value of all the stolen proper ty to support
felony-level charges. We therefore conclude that the state’s constructive amendment did
not prejudice Wuol’s substantial rights. Accordingly, the district court did not plainly err
in allowing the state to constructively amend the complaint to add aiding and abetting.

1 During cross-examination of L.F., Wuol challenged her initial estimation of the property
value by asking her how long she had owned the property and whether she thought the
property had decreased in value over time.
9
II. Wuol’s formal adjudication of guilt of receiving stolen property must be
vacated because it is a lesser-included offense of theft.

Whether a crime is a lesser -included offense is a legal question that we review de
novo. State v. Cox, 820 N.W.2d 540, 552 (Minn. 2012). A person may only be convicted
of “the crime charged or an included offense, but not both.” Minn. Stat. § 609.04, subd. 1
(2016). Minnesota defines an “included offense” as a “lesser degree of the same crime,” or
a “crime necessarily proved if the crime charged were proved.” Id. Appellate courts look
not to the guilty verdict, but to the “formal adjudication of guilt” in “the official judgment
of conviction” to determine whether a defendant has been convicted of a l esser-included
offense. State v. Pflepsen, 590 N.W.2d 759, 767 (Minn. 1999).
Here, the warrant of commit ment directs entry of judgment adjudicating Wuol
guilty of theft under Minn. Stat . § 609.52, subd. 2(a)(1) , and receiving stolen property
under Minn. S tat. § 609.53, subd. 1. Wuol argues, and the state concedes, that his
adjudicated conviction of receiving stolen property must be vacated as a lesser -included
offense of theft because it stemmed “from the same conduct on the night of the theft.” We
agree. See State v. Lee , 683 N.W.2d 309, 315 (Minn. 2004) (holding that “a person may
not be convicted of both theft and receiving stolen property with respect to property
involved in the same transaction .”). Therefore, we reverse Wuol’s receiving -stolen-
property conviction because it is a lesser included-offense of theft and remand to the district
court with instructions to vacate the formal adjudication of guilt on that charge, but to leave
the guilty verdict in place. See State v. Crockson, 854 N.W.2d 244, 248 (Minn. App. 2014)
10
(describing proper procedure for preserving guilty verdict on non-adjudicated conviction),
review denied (Minn. Dec. 16, 2014).
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.