State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A17-1400

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Mika Myron Keali Dalbec,
Appellant.

Filed July 2, 2018
Affirmed
Connolly, Judge

Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-16-2273

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Peter R . Marker, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal -Hill,
Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Smith, Tracy M., Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge.

2
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
CONNOLLY, Judge
In this appeal from his conviction of fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct,
appellant argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress pretrial
identification evidence because the photo lineup was impermissibly suggestive and lacked
an adequate independent origin. We affirm.
FACTS
Around 8:40 a.m. on March 8, 2016, A.P.R. left her high school to meet her friends.
While taking a shortcut through a wooded area , A.P.R. encountered a man whom she
described as wearing a red sweatshirt, khaki shorts, and a baseball cap. The man blocked
A.P.R.’s path, picked her up by grabbing her buttocks, and held her tightly against his
chest. A.P.R. leaned away from him, and the man put her down. A.P.R. then tried to call
one of her friends on her cellphone, but the man took A.P.R.’s cellphone and told her that
he would give it back to her if she had sex with him. A.P.R. told him to keep the phone,
but the man ended up sliding the phone on the ground to her. A.P.R. then ran to her friends
to tell them what had happened. As A.P.R.’s friends were comforting her, the man walked
out from the end of the trail. A.P.R. told her friends, “That is him.” Her friends, including
M.P.P., confronted the man, and he denied touching A.P.R. The man walked to a bus stop
across the street and got on a bus heading toward downtown St. Paul.
The next day, A.P. R. reported the incident. Video was downloaded from the bus
that the man got on, and photos taken from the video at 9:05 and 9:22 a.m. show a man
wearing a red sweatshirt, light -colored shorts, and a dark -colored baseball cap.

3
Investigators identified the man as appellant Mika Myron Keali Dalbec . On March 20,
2016, Sergeant Johnson interviewed appellant. Appellant was shown a copy of the photos
taken from the bus video. When asked if he was the man in the photos , appellant said,
“Yes, Sir.” Appellant denied any encounter with A.P.R., but he said that he was famil iar
with the wooded area.
Sergeant Donohue prepared a photo lin eup for A.P.R. and M.P.P. Sergeant
Donohue testified that because appellant did not have a booking photo in Ramsey County,
another officer gave him appellant ’s driver’s license photo, and Sergeant Donohue used
that photo as a reference to choose the five other photos in the lineup. Because appellant’s
photo had a different colored background than the booking photos, Sergeant Donohue
printed the lineup in black and white. He then gave the lineup to another officer.
Two weeks after the complaint, Sergeant Toronto went to A.P.R. and M.P.P.’s high
school to administer the lineup. Sergeant Toronto testified that he did not see the l ineup
before the interview. He administered the lineup by sho wing one photo at a time and
waiting for the witness to say that she was ready to see the next photo. A.P.R. was unable
to identify the man who grabbed her. M.P.P . selected photo number five, which was
appellant. Sergeant Toronto noted that M.P.P. looked at photo number five longer than the
other photos. M.P.P. indicated on the lineup form that her certainty was seven out of ten
and that she was more than 50% sure. After the lineup, another officer asked M.P.P. for a
physical description of the person she saw. M.P.P. said he was 5’10” or 6’0” tall, was 18-
20 years old, and was wearing a red sweatshirt, brownish cutoff pants, and a red cap.

4
Appellant was charged with one count of fourth -degree criminal sexual conduct in
violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.345, subd. 1(c) (2014). Appellant moved to suppress the
photo lineup identification evidence, arguing that it was unnecessarily suggestive. The
district court denied the motion. At trial, M.P.P. testified that she was not 100% sure that
the man in the courtroom was the man that she identified. She indicated that appell ant
looked different now. S ergeant Johnson also indicated that appellant lo oked different
because he was now wearing “good -sized” glasses. Appellant was found guilty and was
sentenced to 60 months in prison.
This appeal follows.
D E C I S I O N
This court employs a two-part test for determining whether evidence of a witness’s
pretrial identification must be suppressed: (1) whether the pretrial identification procedure
was unnecessarily suggestive, and, if so, (2) whether , under the totality of the
circumstances, the identification evidence was reliable. State v. Young, 710 N.W.2d 272,
282 (Minn. 2006). The first inquiry turns on whether the identification procedure unfairly
singled out the suspect. State v. Ostrem , 535 N.W.2d 916, 921 (Minn. 1995). If so, we
then ask whether the identification is nonetheless reliable under the totality of the
circumstances. Id. Even if we were to find that the district court erred by admitting the
identification evidence, “a finding of constitutional error in a criminal trial does not require
a new trial if the state can show beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was harmless.”
State v. Jones, 556 N.W.2d 903, 910 (Minn. 1996).

5
Appellant argues that the photo lineup was unnecessarily suggestive because the
other photos were of individuals who do not resemble appellant , appellant was the only
individual smiling in his photo, appellant’s skin tone was darker than all but one other
individual, and appellant was the only individual who looked like he was around the age
of 18. Appellant cites no authority for why these arguments render the lineup unnecessarily
suggestive, but in similar challenges to photo identification procedures, this court has held
the procedures were not unnecessarily suggestive.
“A photographic display need not be comprised of exact clones of the accused. It
is sufficient if all the people in the display bear a reasonable physical similarity to the
accused.” State v. Yang, 627 N.W.2d 666, 674 (Minn. App. 2001) (quotations and citation
omitted), review denied (Minn. July 24, 2001). The Minnesota Supreme Court has held
that a lineup was not unnecessarily suggestive when the suspect was the only one wearing
a blue shirt in the lineup and the witnesses had recalled that the suspect was wearing a blue
shirt at the time of the crime. State v. Cruz-Ramirez, 771 N.W.2d 497, 511 (Minn. 2009).
In another case, when two suspects were the only ones wearing jail clothes in a lineup, the
procedure was not unnecessarily suggestive . State v. Duncan, 312 Minn. 17, 21 -22, 250
N.W.2d 189, 193-94 (1977).
The district court found that the police took numerous measures to avoid an
unnecessarily suggestive lineup, including following the “double blind procedure” 1 and

1 Sergeant Donohue, who put the lineup together, and Sergeant Toronto, who administered
the lineup, were not involved in the investigation. Sergeant Toronto did not know any of
the parties involved in the case and did not see the lineup before he administered it.

6
printing the lineup in black and white so that the background colors would not differ. The
district court also explicitly found that “all [of the] men are African American with similar
facial features, facial hair, and similar hair styles. Furthermore, the state also provided the
dates of birth of the five men used in the lineup. Four of the five men pictured in the lineup
were born within four years of the defendant.” These findings counter appellant’s
arguments, and appellant offers no persuasive reasons for us to conclude that the district
court’s findings were er roneous. The procedure used to identify appellant was not
unnecessarily suggestive.
Affirmed.