State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2018).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A17-1900

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Bruce John Johnson,
Appellant.

Filed January 22, 2019
Affirmed
Larkin, Judge

McLeod County District Court
File No. 43-CR-16-1186

Keith M. Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael K. Junge, McLeod County Attorney, Daniel R. Provencher, Assistant County
Attorney, Glencoe, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal-Hill,
Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Larkin,
Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
LARKIN, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle ,
arguing that the district court erred by limiting his cross-examination of a witness regarding

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the state’s grant of use immunity and by allowing an officer to testify regarding the
operation of vehicles with manual transmissions. We affirm.
FACTS
At approximately 10:45 p.m. on July 8, 2016, Officer Schmeling of the Hutchinson
Police Department was parked in his squad car and observed a vehicle traveling in excess
of the posted speed limit. As the vehicle passed Officer Schmeling ’s vehicle, it rapidly
decelerated. Officer Schmeling observed that it was a red Nissan 350z from the mid-2000s,
it had a wide -body kit and oversi zed rims, and its driver appeared to be male. Officer
Schmeling pursued the vehicle, shined his spotlight at it , and activated his emergency
lights. The vehicle did not pull over. The vehicle stopped at a stop sign, and Officer
Schmeling, who was approx imately one -half of a car length from the vehicle, again
observed that the driver appeared to be male. The vehicle rapidly accelerated near the next
intersection. Officer Schmeling activated his siren and pursued the vehicle, traveling at
speeds of approximately 100 miles per hour to keep up with it. Officer Schmeling ended
his pursuit of the vehicle for safety reasons. Brownton Police Chief Bauer learned about
the pursuit and notified his officers that the vehicle was similar to one owned by appellant
Bruce John Johnson.
Brownton Police Officer Warzecha observed a vehicle similar to the one involved
in the chase . Officer Warzecha followed the vehicle , and it accelerated rapidly. After
briefly losing sight of the vehicle, Officer Warzecha saw it parked at Johnson’s residence.
Officer Warzecha observed two people exit the vehicle. Brownton Police Officer
Anderson, who was off -duty and lived nearby, observed a silhouette of a person on each

3
side of the vehicle. The person on the driver’s side of the vehicle ran west from the vehicle.
The person on the passenger side of the vehicle approached the officers and was identified
as J.V., Johnson’s girlfriend.
J.V. was extremely intoxicated. J.V. asked the officers multiple times, “W hy did
you pull him over?” J.V. repeatedly told the officers that she was not driving the vehicle.
J.V. eventually told the officers that she was driving the car. The officers arrested her, at
which point she panicked and said that she was “just joking.” J.V. asked one of the officers
to retrieve her purse from the passenger side of the vehicle.
Officer Anderson encountered Johnson west of the vehicle after he emerged from
the bushes of a nearby home. Johnson denied that he had been driving. He did not appear
to be under the influence of alcohol. Officer Schmeling arrested Johnson. Officers
searched the bushes where Officer Anderson had observed Johnson and found the car keys
and a key fob for the vehicle. Officers also found Johnson’s cell phone on the floor of the
driver’s side of the vehicle and beer bottles on the passenger side of the vehicle. Officers
determined that the vehicle was registered to Johnson and that it had a six-speed manual
transmission. After their arrest s, J.V. and Johnson continued to deny that they had been
driving.
Respondent State of Minnesota charged Johnson with fleeing a peace officer in a
motor vehicle, and the case was tried to a jury. The state granted J.V. use immunity , and
she testified that s he was the driver. The state questioned J.V. regarding its grant of use
immunity. The state also questioned J.V. regarding her experience driving vehicles with
manual transmissions. Following J.V.’s testimony, the state recalled Officer Schmeling,

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who testified regarding the operation of vehicle s with manual transmissions, including
Johnson’s vehicle.
The jury found Johnson guilty of fleeing a peace officer in a motor vehicle . The
district court entered judgment of conviction and stayed imposition of sentence for three
years. This appeal follows.
D E C I S I O N
I.
Johnson contends that the district court erred by “[d]enying [him] the opportunity
to question [J.V.] about why she decided to testify after being granted use immunity” and
“unfairly impacted [his] right to present a complete defense.”
The due -process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution and a rticle I, section 7 of the Minnesota Constitution require that every
criminal defendant be “afforded a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.”
California v. Trombetta , 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S. Ct. 2528, 2532 (1984); State v.
Richards, 495 N.W.2d 187, 191 (Minn. 1992). “A criminal defendant’s right to present a
complete defense includ es the right to call and examine witnesses.” State v. Munt , 831
N.W.2d 569, 585 (Minn. 2013). “But the evidence proffered in support of the defense must
still comply with the rules of evidence.” State v. Nissalke , 801 N.W.2d 82, 102 (Minn.
2011).
Evidence is inadmissible unless it is relevant, that is, it has “any tendency to make
the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Minn. R. Evid. 401, 402.

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But the district court may exclude relevant evidence if “its probative value is substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the
jury, or by considerations of undue delay, wast e of time, or needless presentation of
cumulative evidence.” Minn. R. Evid. 403.
We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State
v. Anderson , 789 N.W.2d 227, 234 (Minn. 2010). We apply the abuse-of-discretion
standard even if a defendant claims that exclusion of evidence deprived him of his
constitutional right to present a complete defense. State v. Penkaty, 708 N.W.2d 185, 201
(Minn. 2006). To prevail on appeal, an appellant must show both error and prejudice
resulting from the error. Midway Ctr. Assocs. v. Midway Ctr. , Inc., 237 N.W.2d 76, 78
(Minn. 1975); see also Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01 (“Any error that does not affect substantial
rights must be disregarded.”).
The relevant portion of the trial transcript sh ows that d uring the state’s direct
examination of J.V., the following exchange occurred:
Q: [J.V.], are you aware that you were granted immunity
for your testimony here today?
A: Yes, I am.
Q: And because of that, anything you say cannot be used
against you by the State in a future criminal proceeding,
correct?
A: Correct.
. . . .
Q: [J.V.], you are aware that by admitting that you were
driving today, you can’t be prosecuted because you were
granted immunity for Fleeing a Peace Officer based on your
testimony that you just said to the jury, right?
A: Yes.
Q: You understand that you could be prosecuted for
perjury, correct?

6
A: Correct.
Q: But you cannot be prosecuted because the State gave
you immunity for admitting that you were driving the vehicle,
correct?
A: Correct.
Q: Prior to your getting that immunity, your story was
consistent that you were not driving the vehicle, correct?
A: Correct.
During Johnson’s cross-examination of J.V., the following exchange occurred:
Q: . . . [J.V.], you were just asked a few moments ago by
[the prosecutor] about your use immunity, correct?
A: Correct.
Q: And essentially what that means is that you are free to
testify today without potentially facing criminal charges, if you
happen to testify to something that you could be criminally
charged for, correct?
A: Yes.
Q: The exception to that would be a perjury charge, right?
A: Yes.
Q: And prior to being granted use immunity, had you been
planning on testifying today?
A: No, I was not.

Defense counsel began to ask J.V., “Were you by chance planning ,” and the
prosecutor objected. The district court held a bench conference and sustained the objection.
The state later explained that it objected because J.V. had already answered that she did
not plan to testify before being granted use immunity and because whether J.V. planned to
invoke her right against self-incrimination was irrelevant, given that she had been granted
immunity. Defense counsel argued that the defense “was barred from bringing up the fact
that [J.V.] testified after being granted immunity, when her plan previous to that was never
to testify for fear of incriminating herself” and that this “impede[d] the defense’s ability to
give a defense.”

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On appeal, Johnson argues that the district court erred because he “wanted to
establish that [J.V.] had not previously admitted she was driving [his] car because she was
afraid of being criminally charged with fleeing the police” and that “[a]fter being granted
use immunity, she no longer had that fear, which is why sh e chose to testify truthfully at
trial.” But those points were implied in the direct and cross -examination of J.V. quoted
above. Moreover, Johnson argued in his closing argument that
[J.V.] was here to testify because she had been given what is
called “use immunity.” Use immunity means that she could no
longer decline to testify out of fear of incriminating herself.
She couldn’t do that because she was no longer at risk of being
charged with a crime. Once the fear of being charged with a
crime went away, she came in and testified and told the truth,
that she was the person driving the vehicle.

In short, Johnson ultimately made the argument that the district court purportedly
prohibited. On this record, Johnson fails to show that the district court abused its discretion
by limiting his questioning regarding J.V.’s decision to testify or that he was prejudiced by
that ruling . Johnson is therefore not entitled to relief based on the district court’s
evidentiary ruling.
II.
Johnson also contends that the district court erred by allowing Officer Schmeling to
provide rebuttal testimony regarding the operation of vehicles with manual transmissions.
He argues that such testimony was improper lay-opinion testimony.
At trial, t he state questioned J.V. regarding how she operated Johnson’s vehicle
during the chase and her experience driving manual-transmission vehicles. J.V. testified
that during the chase, she drove the vehicle in fifth gear. J.V. also testif ied that generally,

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when approaching a stoplight or stop sign on a highway in fifth gear in a manual -
transmission vehicle, she would downshift through each individual gear to first gear.
On rebuttal, the state called Officer Schmeling, who testified that he has owned and
operated vehicles with manual transmissions, that he has taught friends how to drive
vehicles with manual transmissions, and that he drove Johnson’s vehicle to the Hutchinson
Police Department’s impound lot after Johnson’s arrest. Officer Schmeling testified that a
driver would typically shift a passenger vehicle with a manual transmission into neutral
when slowing down to stop. Officer Schmeling testified that it is possible to downshift
when making a stop in a vehicle with a manual transmission, but that it is unusual to do so
in a passenger vehicle.
Officer Schmeling also testified that Johnson’s vehicle had a six -speed manual
transmission. He testified that a perso n driving a vehicle with a six -speed manual
transmission would probably have to be in sixth gear in order to reach 100 miles per hour
and that if the vehicle was in fifth gear “[t]he engine would be revving at a very high rate
of speed, possibly even red lining.”
When the prosecutor asked Officer Schmeling which gear he would use if he were
driving a vehicle with a manual transmission on the highway , Johnson objected on
speculation grounds . However, Johnson concedes that he did not object that Officer
Schmeling’s testimony was improper lay -witness opinion testimony and that we should
therefore review the district court’s ruling on this objection under the plain-error standard
of review.

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Under the plain-error test, we will not grant relief unless (1) there is an error, (2) the
error is plain, and (3) the err or affected substantial rights. State v. Griller , 583 N.W.2d
736, 740 (Minn. 1998). “An error is plain if it was clear or obvious. Usually this is shown
if the error contravenes case law, a rule, or a standard of conduct.” State v. Ramey , 721
N.W.2d 294, 302 (Minn. 2006) ( quotations and citations omitted). If the three prongs of
the plain -error test are met, we may correct the error only if it is necessary to “e nsure
fairness and the inte grity of judicial proceedings.” Griller, 583 N.W.2d at 742. If an
appellate court concludes that any prong of the plain-error analysis is not satisfied, it need
not consider the other prongs. State v. Brown, 815 N.W.2d 609, 620 (Minn. 2012).
Again, the issue is whether Officer Schmeling’s testimony was improper lay -
opinion testimony.
If [a] witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to
those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on
the perception of the witness; (b) helpful to a clear
understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination
of a fact in issue; and (c) not based on scientific, technical, or
other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

Minn. R. Evid. 701.
Johnson argues that the district court plainly erred by admitting Officer Schmeling’s
testimony regarding manual -transmission vehicles because Officer Schmeling’s opinion
“was not based on firsthand knowledge and therefore was not rationally based on his own
perception.” Johnson notes that Officer Schmeling never testified that he had “personally
observed [J.V.] drive [ Johnson’s] car—or any car with a manual transmission” or that he
had “driven [Johnson’s car] at a high rate of speed on a highway.”

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The state argues that Officer Schmeling’s testimony satisfied the requirements of
rule 701 because it was “rat ionally based on his perception ” given that he has owned or
operated vehicles with manual transmissions—including Johnson’s vehicle—and because
it was “helpful to the trier of fact in determining the credibility of [J.V.].”
Officer Schmeling’s testimony regarding his experience with manual -transmission
vehicles adequately established his knowledge regarding the operation of such vehicles.
Thus, his opinions regarding the operation of manual-transmission vehicles were rationally
based on his perceptions. In addition, Officer Schmeling’s testimony regarding manual -
transmission vehicles helped the jury to assess J.V.’s claim that she was the driver. Lastly,
the challenged testimony was not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge within the scope of Minn. R. Evid. 702 , which governs testimony by experts .
We fail to see how the district court clearly or obviously violated rule 701 by allowing
Officer Schmeling to testify about the operation of vehic les with manual transmissions.
Johnson is therefore not entitled to relief. See Brown, 815 N.W.2d at 620 (stating that if
an appellate court concludes that any prong of the plain -error analysis is not satisfied, it
need not consider the other prongs).
Affirmed.