A18-1659

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2018).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A18-1625
A18-1659

In the Matter of the Welfare of the Child of: J. M. G. and R. L. W., Parents

Filed February 19, 2019
Affirmed
Reilly, Judge

Chisago County District Court
File No. 13-JV-18-119

MacKenzie Guptil, Pine City, Minnesota (for appellant, J.M.G.)

Anne M. Carlson, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant, R.L.W.)

Janet Reiter, Chisago County Attorney, Jeanine M. Putnam, Assistant County Attorney,
Center City, Minnesota (for respondent)

Kari Seebach, Rush City, Minnesota (guardian ad litem)

Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and
Bratvold, Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
REILLY, Judge
Appellant-parents challenge the district court’s order terminating parental rights to
a minor child. Because the record supports the district court’s findings that a statutory
ground for termination exists and termination is in the child’s best interests, we affirm.

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FACTS
Parents challenge a district court order terminating parental rights to a minor child
born in 2010. Parents have a history of chemical dependency , mental health issues,
domestic abuse, and housing and employment instability. The parental rights to their two
oldest joint children were previously involuntarily terminated. In October 2017, Chisago
County Health and Human Services ( the county) received a report alleging educational
neglect of a child . A county social worker visited the family at home to address these
issues. Father was aggressive and stated that the social worker had no right to be at the
home. Father eventually permitted the child to come to the door to allow the social worker
to verify the child’s safety. This interaction concerned the social worker, who was unable
to interact with the child.
The social worker attempted to contact parents on the phone and at home on
numerous occasions between October 2017 and April 2018 to address the county’s ongoing
concerns for the child’s safety. The social worker was unable to locate the parents, and
learned that the family regularly changed residences to live with different extended family
members in three different Minnesota counties . In November 2017, the county filed a
petition for protective supervision of the child in order to engage the family in services.
The child was adjudicated in need of protection or services about two weeks la ter. In
December, the district court granted the county’s ex parte request for immediate custody
and emergency protective care of the child based on concerns related to the child’s safety ,
domestic abuse, and drug use in the home.

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The county located the family in April 2018. The social worker visited the home
with a police officer to remove the child. Parents denied that the child was at home and
became upset and started yelling. Father made it clear that he would not cooperate with
the officers attempting to remove the child from his custody. Police officers called for
backup assistance and used mace and a Taser gun to gain control of father. Both parents
were arrested. Police officers entered the home and found the child asleep in a nearby
bedroom. The child was remov ed from the home and placed in foster care. Following
removal, the county arranged for supervised phone calls between the parents and the child.
Father made “inappropriate and harmful” comments to the child during his phone call, and
mother missed several phone calls, causing the child distress.
In April 2018, the county petitioned to involuntarily terminate parental rights.
Mother was permitted to have supervised visits with the child. Father was not permitted
to be pre sent at these visits. Mother was late to the first visit, and the second visit was
cancelled when mother failed to appear. At the third visit, mother showed the child a video
of father that “contained inappropriate promise s about the child coming home.” Mother
was late to the fourth visit and exhibited behaviors which led the social worker to believe,
based upon her experience and training, that mother was under the influence of illegal
substances.
The district court held a four -day trial in July and Aug ust 2018. Parents
acknowledged that their parental rights to two other joint children were previously
involuntarily terminated. Following the trial, the district court issued an order terminating
the parental rights of both father and mother. The district court found that parents did not

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have safe and stable housing and “moved repeatedly” once the county attempted to engage
the family in services. The child did not attend school during the 2017 -2018 school year,
and parents declined county services related to the child’s special needs. The district court
found that there were “recent unaddressed domestic violence issues” in the family, and
unaddressed concerns related to parents’ mental health and chemical abuse. The district
court also found that pare nts had a history of refusing services offered by the county and
avoided services aimed at helping the child. Based upon these factual findings, the court
concluded that parents were palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child relationship
and were continuously refusing to comply with the duties required by the parent and child
relationship, under Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subds. 1(b)(2), (4) (2018). The district court
also performed a best-interests analysis and determined that termination of parental rights
was in the child’s best interests.
Parents appeal the district court’s termination decision.

D E C I S I O N
I. Standard of Review
The decision to terminate parental rights is discretionary with the district court. In
re Welfare of Child of R.D.L., 853 N.W.2d 127, 136-37 (Minn. 2014). A reviewing court
conducts a close inquiry into the evidence, but gives “considerable deference” to the district
court’s termination decision. In re Welfare of Children of S.E.P. , 744 N.W.2d 381, 385
(Minn. 2008). We will affirm the termination of parental rights if “at least one statutory
ground for termination is supported by clear and convincing evidence and termination is in

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the child’s best interests.” In re Welfare of Children of R.W. , 678 N.W.2d 49, 55 (Minn.
2004). The “best interests of the child” are the “paramount consideration” in a termination
proceeding. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 7 (2018). A decision that termination is in the
child’s best interests is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Welfare of Children of
J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d 895, 901-02 (Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Jan. 6, 2012).
II. Statutory Ground for Termination
“A natural parent is presumed to be suitable to be entrusted with the care of his child
and it is in the best interest of a child to be in the custody of his natural parent.” R.D.L.,
853 N.W.2d at 136 (quotations omitted). But a district court may involuntarily terminate
parental rights if it finds that a parent is “palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child
relationship.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4).
[A] parent is palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child
relationship because of a consistent pattern of specific conduct
before the child or of specific conditions directly relating to the
parent and child relationship either of which are determined by
the court to be of a duration or nature that renders the parent
unable, for the reasonably foreseeable future, to care
appropriately for the ongoing physical, mental, or emotional
needs of the child.
Id. “It is presumed that a parent is palpably unfit to be a party to the parent and child
relationship upon a showing that the parent’s parental rights to one or more other children
were involuntarily terminated.” Id.
“This presumption is a rebuttable presumption.” In re Welfare of Child of J.W., 807
N.W.2d 441, 445 (Minn. App. 2011), review denied (Minn. Jan. 6, 2012). “ The statutory
presumption imposes on a parent the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or

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meet the presumptio n.” Id. (quotations omitted). This presumption “does not shift to a
parent the burden of proof in the sense of the risk of nonpersuasion, which remains
throughout the trial upon the party on whom it was originally cast.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Instead, “the statutory presumption shifts to a parent a burden of production. ” Id. The
evidence necessary to rebut a presumption of palpable unfitness need only “create a
genuine issue of fact.” In re Welfare of J.A.K., 907 N.W.2d 241, 246 (Minn. App. 2018),
review denied (Minn. Feb. 26, 2018). “Whether a parent’s evidence satisfies the burden of
production must be determined on a case -by-case basis.” J.W., 807 N.W.2d at 446; see
also R.D.L., 853 N.W.2d at 137. I n determining whether a parent’s evidence rebuts the
presumption that he or she is not palpably unfit, a court should credit and consider the
evidence without weighing it against any contrary evidence. See J.W., 807 N.W.2d at 446-
47.
Father “ concede[d] the previous TPR does create a statutory pr esumption of
palpable unfitness” and failed to produce any evidence rebutting th at presumption. The
district court’s finding that father failed to overcome the presumption of unfitness is
supported by the record and is not clearly erroneous. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by terminating father’s parental rights to the child for palpable unfitness.
Mother argues that the district court erred when it concluded that she failed to rebut
the presumption of palpable unfitness, and we agree. Mo ther presented testimony from a
licensed social worker / psychologist who conducted a parenting evaluation of mother (the
parenting evaluator) . The parenting evaluator met with mother and the child on two
occasions in April 2018. She was aware of mother’ s history of untreated mental illness

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and chemical dependency, and recommended that mother meet with a therapist . The
parenting evaluator testified that she expected mother and child could be fully reunified
within six months. Given case law instructing that the presumption is “easily rebuttable,”
we determine that mother satisfactorily rebutted the statutory presumption of palpable
unfitness and the district court erred by determining otherwise. See R.D.L., 853 N.W.2d at
137; see also J.A.K., 907 N.W.2d at 245.
If a parent rebuts the presumption of palpable unfitness, the presumption “has no
further function at trial,” and the court shall “find the existence or nonexistence of the
alleged palpable unfitness upon all the evidence exactly as if there never had been a
presumption at all.” J.A.K., 907 N.W.2d at 246. (quotations omitted) ; see also J.W., 807
N.W.2d at 447 (“The burden of persuasion remains with the county to prove, by clear and
convincing evidence, that specific conditions existing at the time of the hearing make [the
parent] palpably unfit to be a parent.” (quotation omitted)). Here, although mother rebutted
the statutory presumption of palpable unfitness, the county provided clear and convincing
evidence that she was palpably unfit to parent the child. The district court based its decision
on evidence presented by the county, records of the prior involuntary-termination decision,
and witness testimony, and determined that mother
has not been willing to use services or seek appropriate
treatment, has refused to actively engage in the process . . . and
has continued to fail to seek the help she needs to properly
parent the child. Additionally, [mother] has demonstrated her
willingness to remain in a relationship with [father] and put his
needs above their child.

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The district court also considered the present conditions of the parents and concluded that
mother was unable for the reasonably foreseeable future to care appropriately for the child
due to her unaddressed mental health and chemical dependency i ssues and her inability to
place her child’s needs above her own.
In reaching this determination, the district court made credibility determinatio ns
regarding witness testimony . With respect to the parenting evaluator , the district court
accorded her testimony “less weight” because it was “significantly tied to [mother’s] self -
reporting assertions” regarding chemical use and efforts to find safe and stable housing and
employment. The district court also n oted that the parenting evaluator did not conduct a
mental health evaluation on mother, did not review information related to father, did not
speak with the guardian ad litem, and did not contact collateral sources for mother’s
parenting assessment. While the district court erred by weighing the parenting evaluator’s
testimony against other evidence at the first step in its analysis, we nevertheless defer to
the district court’s opportunity to observe witnesses and assess their credibility in reaching
the ultimate conclusion. In re Welfare of Children of D.F., 752 N.W.2d 88, 94 (Minn. App.
2008) (reviewing credibility determinations).
The district court’s determination that mother was unable to care for the child for
the reasonably foreseeable future is supported by testimony in the record. The guardian ad
litem submitted a letter to the court recommending termination of parental rights of both
parents. After hearing the testimony from mother’s parenting evaluator, the guardian ad
litem agreed that mother might be able to parent the child in the future if she was willing
to get appropriate services for herself and the child, comply with the recommendations of

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therapists and professionals, and put the needs of the child above those of herself and father.
But the guardian testified that mother has not shown “any involvement” in county services
“since this all started.” The guardian testified that parent s “have not been c ooperative,”
and that mother “wasn’t necessarily willing to do what would have been asked of her” to
get help for her or for the child. The guardian also specifically noted that mother was “a
different person” around father, and that he had a “negative impact on her and the choices
that she makes.” The district court found the guardian’s testimony “credible” and afforded
it “great weight,” and determined that mother was unable to appropriately care for the child
because she “has refused all services, has broken the visitation rules on multiple occasions
by inserting [father] into the visits, and has not complied with the court orders.” We do
not disturb these credibility determinations, which are amply supported by the record. See
D.F., 752 N.W.2d at 94.
Mother argues that the district court erred by determining that the county made
reasonable efforts to reunify the family. The palpable-unfitness statutory basis d oes not
explicitly reference a requirement that the county make reasonable efforts to reunit e a
parent with his or her child. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4). Moreover, “‘reasonable
efforts,’ by definition, does not include efforts that would be futile.” R.W., 678 N.W.2d at
56. The record reveals that the county repeatedly attempted to work with the parents to
provide services to the family. Parents continued to move from county to county, and
social workers were unable to locate the family. On one occasion, the parents denied that
the child was inside the house, when in fact he was. When police officers attempted to
enter the house to remove the child, father engaged in a physical confrontation with the

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officers. The district court found that “parents both continued to decline and avoid services
. . . by refusing services offered by [the county] to address the child’s educational neglect
and provide the parents with services that are in the child’s best interests.” Any
reunification efforts were futile, given parents’ unwillingness to cooperate with the county.
We therefore see no error in the district court’s reasonable-efforts determination.
We conclude that the record, taken as a whole, amply supports the district court’s
findings, and the findings support a conclusion that the county proved by clear and
convincing evidence that both father and mother are palpably unfit to be a party to the
parent and child relationship under Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4).1
III. Best-Interests Determination
We will affirm a termination decision if “at least one statutory ground alleged in the
petition is supported by clear and convincing evidence and termin ation of parental rights
is in the child’s best interests.” In re the Welfare of Children of T.R., 750 N.W.2d 656, 661
(Minn. 2008) (citations omitted). If a statutory basis for termination is present, the child’s
best interests are the paramount conside ration in a termination proceeding. Min n. Stat.
§ 260C.301, subd. 7 (2018) ; see Minn. Stat. § 260C.001, subd. 2(a) (2018). A best -
interests’ analysis requires consideration of the child and parent’s interests in preserving

1 The district court also determined that the county proved by clear and convincing
evidence that parents failed to comply with their parental duties under Minn. Stat.
§ 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(2). Because we affirm termination of parental rights on palpable -
unfitness grounds, we do not address this determination. See R.W ., 678 N.W.2d at 55
(noting that a termination decision will be affirmed as long as at least one statutory ground
for termination is supported by clear and convincing evidence and termination is in the
child’s best interests).

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the parent-child relationship a nd of any competing interests of the child. Minn. R. Juv.
Prot. P. 39.05, subd. 3(b)(3); see also J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d at 905 (“Competing interests [of
the child] include such things as a stable environment, health considerations[,] and the
child’s preferences.” (quotation omitted)). We review a best-interests determination for an
abuse of discretion. J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d at 905.
The district court did not abuse its discretion here because it carefully weighed the
competing interests and the record supports the court’s best-interests findings. The district
court acknowledged that the child has an interest in maintaining the parent -child
relationship because “he loves his parents and enjoys their company,” and has a bond with
mother “established through the approximately seven years [mother] raised her child.” But
the district court also noted that the child has “an overriding interest in achieving a safe
and stable permanent home at the earliest possible time,” and “an overriding interest in
developing a sta ble and positive relationship with a parent who can meet his basic and
special needs.” The district court concluded that although parents love the child, they are
incapable of meeting the child’s needs now as well as in the reasonably foreseeable future.
Weighing all the factors together, the district court concluded that
the child’s competing interests of stability, stable housing, the
need for parents to provide for the child’s development and
mental health needs, the need for parents to support the child’s
educational development, and the need for the child to have
healthy parents who put the needs of the child before their own
outweigh the interests of the child in maintaining the parent -
child relationship with his parents and [parents’] interests i n
maintaining a parenting relationship with the child.

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Mother argues that the district court did not weigh the competing interests correctly
because the child suffered stress as a result of the separation. Mother also argues that the
district court impro perly considered the child’s diagnostic assessment . The child was
referred for mental -health services to address concerns about recent traumatic events,
including neglect, exposure to drug use, and being a witness to domestic violence. The
diagnostic assessment indicated that the child “struggled with the adjustment to the foster
home for about two weeks,” but has since become “more comfortable” and has “started
having more positive moods.” The assessor noted that the child “experienced significant
risks while living with his parents, including witnessing domestic violence and drug use,
neglect, and exposure to drug use.” While the child “shows distress around the separation
from his caregivers,” the assessor noted that he is “currently in a safe foster home
placement where his basic physical and emotional needs are being met.”
The district court’s best -interests findings are supported by the record, given
parents’ history of neglect and the child’s exposure to drug use and domestic violence. See
Matter of R.M.M., 316 N.W.2d 538, 542 (Minn. 1982) (affirming termination where
parent’s inability to care for child “threatens the mental and physical health” of child); see
also In re Welfare of A.J.C ., 556 N.W.2d 616, 622 (Minn. App. 1996) (affirming
termination of parental rights where “in spite of [mother’s] love for her children, [she] has
failed to comply with her parental duties” due to personal problems), review denied (Minn.
Mar. 1997). Terminating parents’ parental rights will allow the child to remain in foster
care, where he is “respond[ing] well to the routine and structure in the foster home.”

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Because at least one statutory ground for termination of parental rights is supported
by clear and convincing evidence and termination is in the child’ s best interests, we
determine that the termination of parental rights was proper. Thus, the district court did
not abuse its discretion in terminating parents’ parental rights to the child.
Affirmed.