State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2018).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A19-0655

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Amil Abdi Yonis,
Appellant.

Filed March 23, 2020
Affirmed
Bjorkman, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-17-25578

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean Burdorf , Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Kassius O. Benson, Sara B. Perlmutter, Kassius Benson Law, P.A., Minneapolis,
Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Bjorkman, Presiding Judge; Jesson, Judge; and Slieter,
Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
BJORKMAN, Judge
Appellant challenges her convictions of malicious punishment, neglect, and
endangerment of her stepson. She argues that (1) the prosecutor committed multiple

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prejudicial discovery violations, (2) the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
argument, (3) the district court erred in deferring her motion for judgment of acquittal, and
(4) the evidence is insufficient to support the convictions. We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Amil Yonis married Thomas Kastigar in 2007, becoming stepmother to
his two sons, 8 -year-old C.K. and 4 -year-old M.O. They lived with Kastigar’s mother
(grandmother) and her husband. Yonis and Kastigar had a daughter in 2009. They moved
to their own apartment in 2010 after experiencing conflict with grandmother, who believed
their parenting style was too strict.
In the following years, Yonis and Kastigar had additional children, and their
treatment of M.O. and C.K. became more extreme. M.O. and his brother were not allowed
to sit on chairs or sleep in a bed. They had to get permission to use the bathroom, and
Yonis became increasingly strict about bathroom privileges. When they were unable to
hold it any longer, they wet themselves. For M.O., this happened “pretty often,” up to
several times a week.
Yonis and Ka stigar inflicted various punishments for the boys’ wetting and
misbehavior, often more frequent and more severe for M.O. Kastigar hit the boys on the
bare buttocks with a belt , while Yonis hit them all over their bodies with a thick wooden
spoon or a hanger. Sometimes they were hit two or three times a week, and sometimes not
for a week or two. 1 Each time he was hit, M.O. was bruised and sore for days; although

1 They were beaten more often in the summer when their bruises would not be noticed by
school staff.

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his clothing generally covered the marks, he had difficulty sitting down, going to the
bathroom, and writing. Yonis and Kastigar also withheld food from the boys as a
punishment. This occurred sporadically, but sometimes the boys went days in a row with
little or no food at home.
In June 2013, C.K. ran away from home, and M.O.’s circumstances wor sened.
Yonis and Kastigar began forcing M.O. to stand bent over with his arms wrapped around
his legs and gripping his ears, holding the painful position for hours. They also forced him
to stand in a particular spot in the hallway for long periods of tim e, often the entire day.
When he was given food, he ate in that spot. He still had to ask to use the bathroom, and
Yonis and Kastigar began having his sisters watch him to make sure he did not “ do
something like vandalize their bathroom or . . . steal their Q-tips.”
During the 2016-17 school year, when M.O. was in eighth grade, Kastigar and Yonis
refused to let M.O. have a key to the apartment, so the boy waited in the building hallway
after school, often for hours. Kastigar also began punishing M.O. by tying the boy’s hands
above his head with a jump rope and affixing them to the top hinge of a door, w here he
would spend the night.
On July 4, 2017, M.O. used money he had found to buy a package of cookies . He
ate “a whole bunch of them,” then vomited in the apartment. Yonis and Kastigar yelled at
him for vomiting , telling him, “You’re going to regret it tomorrow.” The following
morning, M.O. ran away. He contacted grandmother, whom he had not seen in four years,
and she took him in. He weighed 87 pounds and had not grown appreciably since she last
saw him; medical examination confirmed that his growth had plateaued from “chronic

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malnutrition.” But with regular access to food, he quickly grew and put on weight. He
also stopped having trouble with wetting because he was able to use the bathroom freely.
In August, grandmother contacted Hennepin County Child Protection. M.O.
consistently recounted Yonis and Kastigar’s treatment of him to a county social worker, a
pediatrician, and a forensic interviewer at CornerHouse, a child advocacy center . He was
placed in grandmother’s care.
Yonis and Kastigar were charged with child neglect, child endangerment, and two
counts of malicious punishment of a child (substantial bodily harm and great bodily harm).
After a two -week joint trial, beginning with 15-year-old M.O.’s testimony, a jury found
them both guilty of all charges except for malicious punishment resulting in great bodily
harm. Yonis appeals.2
D E C I S I O N
I. Yonis has not demonstrated prejudicial discovery violations.
A prosecutor must disclose (1) known written or recorded witness statements,
(2) written summaries of oral statements, and (3) the substance of oral statements that relate
to the case. Minn. R. Crim. P. 9.01, subd. 1. This obligation applies “before and during
trial,” and a disclosure must be made “ in time to afford counsel the opportunity to make
beneficial use of it .” Minn. R. Crim. P. 9.03, subd. 2(a) , (c). If the prosecutor does not
comply, the district court “may, on notice and motion, order the party to permit the

2 Kastigar also appealed his convictions. State v. Kastigar, No. A19-0561.

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discovery, grant a continuance, or enter any order it deems just in the circumstances.” Id.,
subd. 8.
“The imposition of sanctions for violations of discovery rules and orders is a matter
particularly suited to the judgment and discretion of the [district] court.” State v. Lindsey,
284 N.W.2d 368, 373 (Minn. 1979) . In determining t he appropriate sanction, courts
consider (1) the reason for the nondisclosure, (2) prejudice to the objecting party,
(3) whether the prejudice can be remedied by a continuance, and (4) any other relevant
concern. Id. We will reverse a conviction only if the appellant demonstrates both a
discovery violation and resulting prejudice. State v. Jackson, 770 N.W.2d 470, 479 (Minn.
2009).
Yonis conten ds the prosecutor violated her discovery obligations by failing to
disclose the audio recording of interviews she and Kastigar and two of their daughters gave
to the county social worker in August 2017. The issue arose in the second week of trial,
during Yonis’s cross-examination. During a break, t he prosecutor informed counsel that
she intended to question Yonis about a particular section of the interview transcript.
Yonis’s counsel objected, stating she had not known the interview s were recorded or
transcribed. The prosecutor noted that the social worker’s summary of the interviews was
previously disclosed as part of the child-protection file, and stated that her records indicated
the recording itself was disclosed more than five months earlier . But t he prosecutor
acknowledged that something may have gone wrong in transmitting the recording. Yonis’s
counsel agreed that the prosecutor had not intentionally withheld the recording.

6
After an extended discussion, the district court and the parties agreed to a four-part
solution. First, Yonis’s counsel was afforded time to fully review the recording and
transcript, and compare them to previous testimony and the child-protection file, including
the social worker’s summary. Second, the district court permi tted Yonis’s counsel to re -
call Yonis for further direct examination before the prosecutor continued her cross -
examination. Third, after the court indicated its willingness to exclude the recording and
transcript, the parties stipulated to the admission (through Yonis’s testimony) of segments
of the daughters’ interviews. Fourth, the district court permitted Yonis’s counsel to re-call
the social worker.
Yonis now argues that the district court, in helping to fashion this “remedy,” found
a discovery violation, and that “this remedy was inadequate and there should have been a
mistrial.” We disagree. Yonis did not ask the district court to find that the prosecutor
committed a discovery violation, and the court made no such finding. Nor is a violation
clearly apparent from the record; the prosecutor stated that she disclosed, or attempted to
disclose, the recording, and Yonis’s counsel acknowledged that any disclosure failure was
unintentional. But even if we assume there was a discovery violation, the parties and the
district court crafted an appropriate remedy . The four agreed -to steps remedied any
prejudice to Yonis.
Yonis also asserts that the prosecutor deprived her of a fair trial by failing to disclose
until mid-trial (1) photographs taken during an August 2017 medical examination of M.O.,
(2) emails Yonis sent in March 2018, and (3) photographs of M.O. “engaged in various
different activities.” This argument lacks merit. While Yonis cites to a portion in the

7
record where she objected to the disclosure of these items, she overlooks her acceptance of
the prosecutor’s statement that she disclosed the evidence as soon as she received it. More
importantly, Yonis fails to acknowledge that the prosecutor ultimately agreed to and did
not use the evid ence in question. In sum, t he record demonstrates neither error nor
prejudice that would entitle Yonis to a new trial due to discovery violations.
II. The prosecutor did not commit misconduct during closing argument.
Where, as here, the appellant did not object to claimed prosecutorial misconduct,
we apply a modified plain -error standard. State v. Parker, 901 N.W.2d 917, 926 (Minn.
2017). The appellant must show that the prosecutor erred and the error was plain. Id. If
the appellant establishes plain error, the state must show that the appellant was not
prejudiced. Id.
In evaluating a claim of prosecutorial misconduct based on closing argument , we
consider the argument as a whole, declining to focus “on particular phrases or remarks that
may be taken out of context or given undue prominence.” State v. Jones, 753 N.W.2d 677,
691 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted). A prosecutor may “present all legitimate arguments
on the evidence and all proper inferences that can be drawn from that evidence.” State v.
Munt, 831 N.W.2d 569, 587 (Minn. 2013) (quotation omitted). But the prosecutor must
“avoid inflaming the jury’s passions and prejudices” against the defendant. State v.
McDaniel, 777 N.W.2d 739, 752 (Minn. 2010) (quotation omitted).
Yonis challenges four portions of the pros ecutor’s closing argument, asserting that
these arguments inflamed the jury’s passions and prejudices . But Yonis takes the

8
challenged portions out of order and out of context. After reviewing the argument as a
whole, we are satisfied that none of the challenged arguments are improper.
In the first portion, toward the begin ning of her argument, the prosecutor stated:
“And that’s the thing about abuse like this. It’s not just the physical pain or the hunger or
the exhaustion every day at school. It’s emotionally and mentally dehumanizing. And
children are the perfect victims for it. They’re vulnerable because adults control the world
they live in.” The first three sentences of this argument address testimony from both M.O.
and C.K., who described not only pain and hunger at their parents’ hands , but also
humiliation and degradation such that running away from home was emotionally freeing.
It was not improper for the prosecutor to address the scope of the harm that Yonis inflicted
on the boys. And the last two sentences fairly responded to Yonis’s defense theory that
M.O. was fabricating previously undisclosed allegations of abuse, and invited the jury to
consider the dynamics in M.O.’s life that led him not to disclose the abuse.
The second challenged portion of the argument similarly confronted the question of
credibility: “It’s all the evidence there is in a lot of child abuse cases, a child’s word, a
child’s consistent, corroborated word. And if you believe [M.O.], this case is proven. ”
Yonis contends these statements invited the jury to focus on M.O.’s testimony and ignore
all of the other evidence. We disagree. The prosecutor merely acknowledged that the
state’s case required the jury to believe M.O. over his father and Yonis. And the statements
accurately reflect that. M.O.’s testimony, if credited on its own merit or because of the
extensive corroborating evidence , was enough to establish the elements of the charged
offenses and therefore was enough to prove the state’s case. See State v. Foreman , 680

9
N.W.2d 536, 539 (Minn. 2004) (stating that a singl e witness’s uncorroborated testimony
can support a conviction).
Yonis’s third challenge relates to the prosecutor’s argument regarding great bodily
harm: “The legislature, the Minnesota legislature, can’t predict everything that’s ever going
to happen in a case. They can’t predict every type of abuse or injury that might be inflicted
on a victim. ” The context of this argument defeats Yonis’s contention . The prosecutor
argued that “two-and-a-half years or more of impaired or stunted growth is a protra cted
loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” See Minn. Stat.
§ 609.02, subd. 8 (2016) (defining great bodily harm). In urging that position, she
explained that other types of injuries “fit more easily” into that definition, but even though
the legislature did not expressly anticipate such things, “that doesn’t mean that starving a
kid, that doesn’t mean that altering his growth to the point where he’s horizontal across the
growth chart, that does not mean that it’s not gr eat bodily harm.” We discern no error in
this argument regarding an element of one of the charged offenses.
In the fourth challenged portion, at the end of her argument, the prosecutor reiterated
her response to the defense theory that M.O. made up the abuse : “There is something
inherently imbalanced about cases like these, about cases where a child has been
victimized.” She urged the jury to consider that the power imbalance between M.O. and
his parents contributed to his reticence to report earlier, and that the nature of the abuse—
inflicted in secret, sporadically but consistently—means that it would not always have been
apparent to outsiders.

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Overall, the prosecutor’s argument explain ed why the jury should credit M.O.’s
testimony about how Yonis and Kastig ar treated him, and why his testimony supports
guilty verdicts. That the evidence may have inspired a strong emotional response in the
jurors does not mean the prosecutor acted improperly by discussing it and even arguing
that its egregious nature supported a finding of guilt on the most serious charge —an
argument that the jury ultimately rejected. Because neither error nor prejudice is apparent
on this record, Yonis is not entitled to relief based on her claim of prosecutorial misconduct.
III. The district court’s deferral of Yonis’s motion for judgment of acquittal does
not warrant reversal.

We interpret rules of procedure de novo, looking to the rule’s plain language. State
v. Thomas, 891 N.W.2d 612, 616 (Minn. 2017). Failure to comply with procedural rules
does not warrant reversal unless it causes prejudice. Minn. R. Crim. P. 31.01. And if a
defendant fails to object to procedural error at trial, the “ unobjected-to error can be
reviewed only if it constitutes plain error affecting substantial rights.” State v. Ramey, 721
N.W.2d 294, 297 (Minn. 2006).
A defendant may move for a judgment of acquittal after the close of the state’s
evidence or after trial. Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.03, subd. 18(1)(a). “If the defendant’s motion
is made at the close of the prosecution’s case, the court must rule on the motion.” Id., subd.
18(2). While the court need not rule on the motion “immediately,” it must do so before
moving on to the next stage of the trial. Thomas, 891 N.W.2d at 616-17. This protects the
defendant “from having to come forward with evidence that would fill[] gaps in the State’s
case.” Id. at 617 (alteration in original) (quotation omitted).

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After the close of the state’s evidence, Yonis moved for judgment of acquittal. The
district court prevented Yonis from arguing the motion at that time and declined to issue a
ruling because the jury was waiting:
We’re just going to have to do this later during a break.
Okay? I will ta ke the motion under advisement. . . . I
absolutely know I need to deal with judgment of acquittal now
that’s made. . . . But let’s just do it when we can all be on our
own time and not the jury’s. Okay?

Yonis agreed and began presenting evidence. At the end of the day, she argued the motion,
and the district court denied it.
The state concedes that this procedure was plain error, and we agree. But Yonis has
not demonstrated that the error impaired her substantial rights.
Between the time Yonis asserted her motion and when the district court considered
and ruled on it, Yonis presented the testimony of three witnesses. Her medical expert
opined that M.O.’s slow growth, his nutritional deficiencies, and the marks on his body
were not indi cative of abuse at all . And a physical education teacher at M.O.’s middle
school and an imam who knows the family both testified that M.O. never complained of or
exhibited signs of physical abuse or starvation. While these witnesses disputed aspects of
the state’s case, their testimony did not support any elements of the charged offenses. In
other words, the error did not result in Yonis coming forward with evidence that filled gaps
in the state’s case. Cf. id. (observing that this is the concern to be avoided by ruling
promptly).
Contrary to Yonis’s suggestion that the district court “failed to give due time and
consideration to [her] argument,” the record shows that the district court carefully

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considered and articulated its reasoning as to each count. In particular, the court thoroughly
analyzed the question of great bodily harm, which was the primary focus of Yonis’s
motion, and decided to leave it to the jury, which ultimately acquitted her on that charge.
On this record, we are persuaded that the district court’s plain error does not warrant
reversal.
IV. Sufficient evidence supports the convictions.
When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this court carefully
reviews the record “to determine w hether the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom, viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, were sufficient to allow the jury
to reach its verdict.” Lapenotiere v. State , 916 N.W.2d 351, 360 -61 (M inn. 2018)
(quotation omitted). A single witness’s testimony can support a conviction. 3 Foreman,
680 N.W.2d at 539. And we assume the jury believed the witnesses whose testimony
supports the verdict and did not believe evidence to the contrary. State v. Pendleton, 706
N.W.2d 500, 512 (Minn. 2005).
To convict Yonis of malicious punishment, the state was required to prove that she,
as M.O.’s undisputed stepmother and caregiver, committed an intentional act or a series of
intentional acts with respect to M.O. that evidenced “unreasonable force or cruel discipline

3 Yonis dismisses M.O.’s testimony as “dubious” and urges us to review under the
heightened standard applicable to circumstantial -evidence cases. M.O.’s and C.K.’s
testimony was direct evidence of what Yonis did to M.O. and how it affected him . See
State v. Harris , 895 N.W.2d 592, 599 (Minn. 2017) (explaining that d irect evidence is
“based on personal knowledge or observation” and “if true, proves a fact without inference
or presumption”). And it was the jury’s exclusive province to assess credibility. Francis
v. State, 729 N.W.2d 584, 589 (Minn. 2007).

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that is excessive under the circumstances.” Minn. Stat. § 609.377, subd. 1 (2016). A
conviction on the neglect charge required proof that she willfully deprived him of necessary
food, clothing, shelter, health care, or supervision appropriate to his age, when she was
reasonably able to make the necessary provisions. Minn. Stat. § 609.378, subd. 1(a)(1)
(2016). And a conviction of endangerment required proof that she intentionally or
recklessly caused or permitted M.O. to be placed in a dangerous situation. Minn. Stat.
§ 609.378, subd. 1(b)(1) (2016). The state was also required to prove that Yonis’s actions
caused M.O. substantial bodily harm , Minn. Stat. §§ 609.377, s ubd. 5 (malicious
punishment), .378, subd. 1(a )(1) (neglect) (2016), or led to a situation “likely to
substantially harm [his] physical, mental, or emotional health ,” Minn. Stat. § 609.378,
subd. 1(b)(1) (endangerment) . Substantial bodily harm is defined as bodily injury that
“involves a temporary but substantial disfigurement, ” or “causes a temporary but
substantial loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ,” or “causes
a fracture of any bodily member.” Minn. Stat. § 609.02, subd. 7a (2016).
M.O. testified about Yonis’s conduct and the harm it caused him . His testimony
was corroborated by extensive evidence, including medical records, apartment building
records, and the testimony of C.K., grandmother, the county social worker, the
CornerHouse interviewer, and the pediatrician who examined him in August 2017. M.O.
described a pattern of conduct over years that involved Yonis beating him with various
objects, forcing him to stand or hold contorted postures for hours at a time, severely
restricting his bathroom access , withholding food for prolonged periods of time, and
routinely excluding him from family meals and activities. These acts caused M.O. pain

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and bruising. He experienced extreme hunger and malnutrition that stunted his growth.
The bathroom restrictions an d privacy invasions interfered with his bladder control well
into his teen years. And M.O. suffered emotional harm so severe that he fled his home and
went to live with grandmother, where he felt, for the first time, “equal . . . like another
person in the house.” This record amply supports the convictions of malicious punishment,
neglect, and endangerment.
Affirmed.