State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A20-0003

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Marcus Dupree Jamison,
Appellant.

Filed March 22, 2021
Affirmed
Reilly, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-18-29033

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jonathan P. Schmidt, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, C hief Appellate Public Defender, Charles F. Clippert, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Reilly, Presiding Judge; Florey, Judge; and Frisch,
Judge.
NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
REILLY, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm on the
grounds that (1) the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress, (2) the jury

2
instructions were plainly erroneous, and (3) he is entitled to relief on the merits of his pro
se claims. We affirm.
FACTS
On November 24, 2018, at around 11:20 p.m., appellant Marcus Dupree Jamison
was standing outside the Mayo Clinic Square Building, a private building in Minneapolis.
Mayo hires security guards through Allied Universal Security Services (Allied), a privately
held security company. An Allied employee smelled “a strong odor of marijuana” coming
from appellant and saw that appellant was rolling a marijuana cigarette in his hands. The
employee reported his observations to two of Allied’s security guards.
The security guards located appellant on a live-feed security camera and confirmed
that he was using marijuana on the building’s property. Mayo has a “[zero] tolerance policy
for illegal activities around the building,” and Allied’s security guards generally issue
trespass notices to people violating this policy. The security guards approached appellant
outside the building to issue a trespass notice to appellant. The security guards placed
appellant in handcuffs and took him to the security office inside the building. It is standard
practice for the security guards to perform “a simple pat down for officer safety” any time
they escort someone to their office. During the search, the security guards found a firearm
in appellant’s front jacket pocket.
A Minneapolis police officer was provid ing off -duty security for Allied at the
building on November 24. The police officer does not typically get involved in security
matters at the building unless the security guards request his assistance. The police officer
was not involved in the initial interaction between the security guards and appellant outside

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the building, and was not involved in the pat -down search. The police officer was in the
security office when he “saw them pull a gun” off appellant. The police officer called the
Minneapolis Police Department to request police assistance.
Respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant with possession of a firearm or
ammunition by a prohibited perso n, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2)
(2018). Appellant moved to suppress the evidence on the ground that the security guards
did not have authority to conduct a citizen’s arrest. The district court denied the
suppression motion and the matter proceeded to a jury trial.
Appellant testified in his own defense at trial . Appellant stated that he was
downtown with his brother, who originally had the firearm. Appellant testified that he
persuaded his brother to give him the firearm and was on his way to the public safety
building to turn in the firearm to an officer. Appellant stated he was near the Mayo building
because he was trying to get internet access on his tablet. Appellant testified that he did
not speak with the security guards about the trespass notice befor e they grabbed him and
detained him.
Following witness testimony, the district court provided final instructions to the
jury. The district court instructed the jury that the parties had stipulated that appellant was
ineligible to possess a firearm, and that this element of the offense was satisfied. The jury
found appellant guilty of the offense and the district court imposed sentence.
This appeal follows.

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DECISION
I. The district court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress.
Appellant argues that the district court erred by denying his motion to suppress
evidence of the firearm because the security guards were acting as agents of the state when
they searched him. When reviewing a pretrial order denying a motion to suppress
evidence, we independently review the facts and determine whether, as a matter of law, the
district court erred in not suppressing the evidence. State v. Askerooth, 681 N.W.2d 353,
359 (Minn. 2004). We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its
legal determinations de novo. State v. Gauster, 752 N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008).
The United States and Minnesota Constitutions protect against “unreasonable
searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. But these
constitutional protections apply only to state action and do not apply to searches conducted
by private persons. United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113, 104 S. Ct. 1652, 1656
(1984). Ordinarily, the state may use evidence obtained through a private search. State v.
Dexter, 941 N.W.2d 388, 394 (Minn. 2020). But if a private person acts as an agent of the
state when conducting a search, then the protections of the Fourth Amendment apply. State
v. Buswell, 460 N.W.2d 614, 618 (Minn. 1990) (“If in the light of all the circumstances of
the case the private individual must be regarded as having acted as an instrument or agent
of the state when conducting the search, the search is subject to Fourth Amendment
constraints.” (quotation omitted)).
Whether a person acts as a state agent must be decided on a “case-by-case basis after
consideration of all the facts and circum stances relative to the search.” Id. Minnesota

5
courts consider two factors in a state-agency analysis: (1) “whether the government knew
of and acquiesced in the search,” and (2) “whether the search was conducted to assist law
enforcement efforts or to further the private party’ s own ends.” Id. “If the government
does not know of and acquiesce in the search, the search cannot be attributed to the
government and the inquiry ends.” State v. Jorgensen, 660 N.W.2d 127, 131 (Minn. 2003).
Whether a private person acts as a state agent is a question of fact for the district court. Id.
Here, the district court found that there was “no involvement of [the police officer]
prior to [the security guards] finding the firearm” on appellant. The police officer was off-
duty and was working as a part -time Allied employee. The district court noted that the
police officer did not instruct the security guards to conduct a citizen’s arrest, and did not
instruct the security guards to perform a pat-down search of appellant in the security office.
The police officer was not involved in the initial interaction with appellant outside the
building, and he did not take part in the search. Based on these findings, the district court
found that the two Buswell factors were not satisfied because the government did not know
of or acquiesce to the search, and the search was not conducted to assist law-enforcement
efforts.
The record supports the district court’s findings, which are not clearly erroneous.
See id . (noting that district court’s factual fi ndings are reviewed for clear error). The
security guards testified that they are not licensed peace officers and are not employed by
any police jurisdiction. The security guards do not carry deadly weapons and, for that
reason, typically perform a pat-down search to check for weapons when they bring a person
into the security office. While the security guards receive “standard Minnesota protective

6
training” through Allied, they are not specially trained as peace officers. The security
guards approached appellant after they located him on their security feed and saw him
using drugs on their property. There is no evidence that the police offi cer instructed the
security guards to approach appellant. The security guards brought appellant to their office
and found a firearm in his jacket pocket during the pat -down search. The police officer
was sitting nearby when he saw the security guards remove the firearm from appellant’s
jacket pocket. The police officer, who was off-duty at the time, called a Minneapolis police
officer to transport appellant to the county jail and secure the firearm. These facts support
the conclusion that the government did not know of or acquiesce to the search. Thus, the
first Buswell factor is not satisfied.
Nor is there any evidence in the record showing that the search was conducted to
assist law -enforcement efforts , rather than to further the private party’ s own ends as
required by the second Buswell factor. The security guards provide security services for
Allied, a private company. The security guards do not carry deadly weapons and, for their
own safety, perform a pat -down search any time they bring someone i nto their office.
There is no evidence that the security guards searched appellant to assist law enforcement
and the second Buswell factor is not satisfied.
The facts in the record support the district court’s factual findings that the police
officer was not involved in the detention and search, and that the security guards were not
acting as agents of the state during their interactions with appellant. Therefore, the
constitutional protections do not apply. Because the security guards were not acting as

7
state agents when they searched appellant, the district court did not err in denying his
motion to suppress.
II. The district court did not err in its instructions to the jury.
Appellant argues that the district court erred by directing a verdict on an element of
the offense. Appellant did not object to the district court’s jury instructions. While a
defendant’s failure to propose specific jury instructions or object to instructions generally
constitutes a forfeiture of that issue on appeal, State v. Cross, 577 N.W.2d 721, 726 (Minn.
1998), we may review the jury instructions for plain error , State v. Crowsbreast , 629
N.W.2d 433, 437 (Minn. 2001). Under the plain-error test, we examine the instructions to
determine whether there was ( 1) an error, (2) that was plain, and (3) that affected
appellant’s substantial rights. State v. Gunderson , 812 N.W.2d 156, 159 (Minn. App.
2012). If these elements are satisfied, we will reverse if the error seriously affects the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. State v. Kelley, 855 N.W.2d
269, 274 (Minn. 2014).
We determine that the district court did not err. Appellant was charged with
unlawful possession of a firearm by a prohibited person, in violation of Minn. Stat .
§ 624.713, subd. 1(2). Section 624.713 provides that certain people are ineligible to
possess a firearm, including those who have been convicted of a “crime of violence.” Id.
“Crime of violence” is defined as a “felony conviction” of an offense listed “and an attempt
to commit any of these offenses.” Minn. Stat. § 624.712, subd. 5 (2018). False
imprisonment constitutes a crime of violence. Id. Before trial, appellant stipulated that he
is prohibited from possessing a firearm because of a conviction in Wisconsin for felony

8
false imprisonment. Given this stipulation, respondent did not present evidence of
appellant’s false-imprisonment conviction at trial.
Appellant argues that despite his stipulation, the district court erred by instructing
the jury that an element of the offense was established beyond a reasonable doubt. To
obtain a conviction, the state must prove each element of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt. State v. Struzyk, 869 N.W.2d 280, 289 (Minn. 2015). But a defendant may stipulate
to an element of the offense, “thereby removing the issue from the case.” State v.
Berkelman, 355 N.W.2d 394, 397 (Minn. 1984). By stipulating to an element of an offense,
a defendant “waives the right to a jury trial on that element and removes unduly prejudicial
evidence from the jury’s consideration.” State v. Wright , 679 N.W.2d 186, 191 (Minn.
App. 2004), review denied (Minn. June 29, 2004). When a defendant waives the right to a
jury trial on an element of the offense, the district court may instruct the jury of that fact.
State v. Perkins, 353 N.W.2d 557, 561 (Minn. 1984) (noting that district court may direct
a verdict on an element of an offense when there has been “a judicial admission by the
defendant”); Lamere v. State , 278 N.W .2d 552, 557 (Minn. 1979) (recognizing that if a
defendant “actually admits certain elements, then the court properly may so instruct the
jury”).
Here, appellant expressly waived his right to have the jury consider an element of
the offense. Before trial, appellant signed a stipulation stating that “The parties hereby
stipulate that [appellant] h as the following conviction[] that makes him prohibited to
possess a forearm under Minn. Stat. § 624.713 : . . . False Imprisonment.” The parties
agreed that “[t]his stipulation satisfies the element requiring the State to prove that

9
[appellant] is a prohibited person in the sole Count of the Complaint. [Appellant] waives
his right to a jury determination that he is a prohibited person pursuant to this stipulation.”
The parties also agreed on jury instructions about the stipulation. During the pretrial
hearing, the district court read the stipulation into the record and appellant agreed that he
was prohibited from possessing a firearm. And in its final instructions to the jury, the
district court stated that:
[Appellant] was ineligible from possessing a firearm or
ammunition by law. The Court instructs you that you are
bound by the stipulation agreed to by the parties that the
defendant was ineligible [] under Mi nnesota law from
possessing a firearm on the relevant dates in question.

In other words, the second element of the offense; that
the defendant was ineligible to possess a firearm has been
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. You are not to speculate
about w hy the defendant was ineligible from possessing a
firearm.
These jury instructions mirror the parties’ stipulation and appellant’s waiver of his
right to have a jury determine this element of the offense. Appellant signed a stipulation
acknowledging that he was prohibited from possessing a firearm under the statute because
of his false-imprisonment conviction.
Appellant relies on Dereje v. State , for the proposition that the jury should have
been free to weigh and balance the evidentiary value of the stipulation along with all of the
other evidence. 837 N.W.2d 714 (Minn. 2013). Dereje involved a stipulated -facts trial
and is not relevant here. Id. at 718. Appellant also argues that the district court erred
because it should not have directed a verdi ct on an element of the offense, but Minnesota
caselaw does not support this argument.

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Because appellant waived his right to a jury trial on an element of the offense a nd
the district court provided a jury instruction consistent with the parties’ stipulation and
appellant’s on-the-record waiver, the district court did not err. Having determined that the
district court did not err, we need not address the remaining two f actors. See State v.
Lilienthal, 889 N.W.2d 780, 785 (Minn. 2017) (noting that if “any one of the requirements”
of the plain-error test is not satisfied, we “need not address any of the others ” (quotation
omitted)).
III. Appellant is not entitled to relief on the merits of his pro se claims.
Appellant raises additional arguments in his pro se supplemental brief. Appellant
argues that (1) he was unlawfully stopped and detained by the security guards, (2) the
district court erred in denying his suppression motio n because the security guards were
acting as state agents, and (3) the witness testimony was inconsistent. We reject appellant’s
argument about the suppression motion for the reasons discussed above. We address the
remaining two issues below.
A. Unlawful Detention
Appellant argues that the security guards did not have the right to perform a citizen’s
arrest. A private person may arrest another “for a public offense committed or at tempted
in the arresting person’s presence.” Minn. Stat. § 629.37(1) (2018). “Arrest means taking
a person into custody that the person may be held to answer for a public offense.” Minn.
Stat. § 629.30, subd. 1 (2018). “‘Arrest’ includes actually restraining a person or taking
into custody a person who submits.” Id. Before a private person may make an arrest, the
person must have probable cause to believe that the other person has violated the law.

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Keane v. Comm’ r of Pub. Safety , 360 N.W.2d 357, 359 (Minn. App. 1984). “P robable
cause to arrest exists where the objective fac ts are such that under the circumstances a
person of ordinary care and prudence would entertain an honest and strong suspicion that
a crime has been committed.” State v. Horner , 617 N.W.2d 789, 795 (Minn. 2000 )
(quotation omitted).
An Allied employee info rmed the security guards that appellant was engaging in
drug use on the property. The security guards located appellant on their live-feed security
cameras and confirmed that he was smoking marijuana on Mayo’s property. The security
guards brought appellant to their security office to issue a trespass notice. The district court
considered this issue at the pretrial stage and determined that the citizen’s arrest was
“allowed under the plain language of Minn. Stat. § 629.30, subd. 1,” because the security
guards personally observed appellant using marijuana on their private property and got into
an altercation with appellant when he refused to leave. We are satisfied that a person of
ordinary care and prudence would entertain an honest and strong suspicion that appellant
violated the law by engaging in drug use on private property and refusing to leave. Because
probable cause existed to believe that appellant violated the law, the detention was lawful.
B. Inconsistencies in Witness Testimony
Appellant argues that the witness testimony was inconsistent. For example,
appellant argues that the Allied employee testified that he saw appellant rolling a marijuana
cigarette and smelled an “odor of marijuana” on appellant. But appellant argues that the
security vide o does not capture appellant actually lighting the marijuana cigarette or
engaging in drug use on Mayo property. Appellant also claims that the security guards did

12
not adequately explain to appellant that he was being trespassed. Appellant argues that the
security guards placed him in handcuffs before allowing him to leave the Mayo building’s
property.
“In a criminal jury trial, it is the solemn duty of the jury, and the jury alone, to assess
the credibility of all declarants, to weigh the evidence, and t o decide whether or not the
evidence truly supports the charges brought by the state.” State v. Holl, 949 N.W.2d 461,
473 (Minn. App. 2020), review granted in part, denied in part (Minn. Nov. 17, 2020). The
jury heard testimony from the Allied employee, the security guards, the police officer, and
appellant. The jury also viewed the security video of the incident. It is the sole province
of the jury to weigh conflicting evidence and determine whether the evidence presented
supports the charge. If there were inconsistencies in witness testimony, then those
credibility issues were for the jury to resolve. The jury evidently found respondent’s
witnesses more credible than appellant, and it is not the role of this court to reassess those
credibility determinations on appeal. Appellant is not entitled to reversal of his conviction
on the basis of inconsistent witness testimony.
Affirmed.