1
STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN SUPREME COURT

A20-0366

Court of Appeals Gildea, C.J.
Dissenting, McKeig,
State of Minnesota, Chutich, and Thissen, JJ.

Respondent,

vs. Filed: October 12, 2022
Office of Appellate Courts
Edgar Galvan-Contreras,

Appellant.

________________________

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, Saint Paul, Minnesota; and

Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Brittany D. Lawonn, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for respondent.

Bruce D. Nestor, De León, Nestor & Torres, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for appellant.

________________________
S Y L L A B U S
1. To convict a defendant of felony interference with the privacy of a minor
under Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) (2018), the State must prove that the defendant
committed the offense while knowing or having reason to know a person under the age of
18 was present.
2
2. Because the parties agreed to utilize a specific procedural vehicle, Minn. R.
Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, to seek appellate review of the district court’s pretrial ruling, this
court’s adoption of the appellant’s interpretation of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2),
requires reversal of the pretrial ruling, which results in the dismissal of the felony charge.
Reversed.
O P I N I O N
GILDEA, Chief Justice.
This case asks us to interpret Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) (2018). The
statute makes it a crime to secretly install or use a device to record or photograph a person
in a place “where a reasonable person would have an expectation of privacy and has
exposed or is likely to expose their intimate parts.” Id., subd. 1(d)(1) (2018). If the
defendant secretly records “a minor under the age of 18, knowing or having reason to know
that the minor is present,” the offense is enhanced from a gross misdemeanor to a felony .
Id., subd. 1(e)(2).
The State charged appellant Edgar Galvan-Contreras with a felony violation of
section 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), based on allegations that he used his cell phone to secretly
record 15-year-old E.B. in a public bathroom stall at a fitness center. Galvan-Contreras
filed a pretrial motion to dismiss the charge for lack of probable cause, arguing the State
failed to allege that he knew or had reason to know E.B. was a minor under the age of 18
when he committed the offense. The State conceded it could not prove Galvan-Contreras
knew or had reason to know E.B. was under the age of 18. But the State argued it was
required to prove only that Galvan-Contreras had reason to know a person was present in
3
the recorded location. Persuaded by the State’s argument, the district court found that the
statute requires the State to prove the defendant’s knowledge of the presence of a person,
not the age of the person present , and therefore denied the motion to dismiss the felony
charge.
Acting in accordance with Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, Galvan -Contreras
stipulated to the State’s case in order to appeal the district court’s dispositive pretrial ruling
on the motion to dismiss. As part of the stipulated record, the State conceded it could not
prove that Galvan -Contreras knew E.B. was a minor under the age of 18 when he
committed the offense. The district court found Galvan -Contreras guilty of the felony
offense.
In a precedential opinion, the court of appeals agreed with the district court’s reading
of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) and concluded that the language of the statute does
not require the defendant to have knowledge of the victim’s age when the offense is
committed. T herefore, the court of appeals affirmed the district court’s pretrial ruling .
State v. Galvan-Contreras, 953 N.W.2d 529, 533 (Minn. App. 2021). We granted further
review.
Because we conclude that the plain language of section 609.746,
subdivision 1(e)(2), requires the State to prove that Galvan -Contreras committed the
offense while knowing or having reason to know a person under the age of 18 was present,
the district court’s pretrial ruling was erroneous. Accordingly, we reverse.

4
FACTS
On September 20, 2018, a 15-year-old boy, E.B., was at a fitness center in
Bloomington. E.B. was in the locker room using a bathroom stall when he heard a noise
and turned to his right. From between a gap in the bathroom stalls, E.B. observed a cell
phone camera directed at him. E.B. immediately went to the fitness center lobby where he
told his mother and a fitness center employee about the incident . The fitness center
employee went to investigate and found an adult male, later identified as Galvan-Contreras,
in the adjacent bathroom stall. The fitness center employee confronted Galvan-Contreras
about the cell phone incident. Galvan-Contreras denied any involvement and walked away.
On October 10, 2018, officers from the Bloomington Police Department obtained a
search warrant for the cell phone, computer, and other electronic devices of Galvan-
Contreras. A forensic examination of the cell phone revealed a saved video recording of a
young male pulling up his underwear in a bathroom stall.
On October 17, 2018, Galvan -Contreras went to the Bloomington Police
Department for a voluntary interview. Initially, he denied recording E.B. with his cell
phone camera in the fitness center bathroom stall. But later during the interview, Galvan-
Contreras admitted to placing his cellphone camera between a gap in the bathroom stalls.
He also told the officers that “[E.B.] didn’t look like a man, you know what I am saying. I
noticed right away that he was a kid.”
5
The State charged Galvan -Contreras with violating the interference with privacy
statute, Minn. Stat . § 609.746, subd .1(e)(2).1 The statute makes it a crime to
“surreptitiously” install or use a device to photograph or record in a place “where a
reasonable person would have an expectation of privacy and has exposed or is likely to
expose their intimate parts.” Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(d) (1). The surreptitious
recording or photography must be done “with intent to intrude upon or interfere with the
privacy of the occupant. ” Id., subd. 1(d)(2). The offense is a gross misdemeanor. Id.,

1 Minnesota Statutes section 609.746, subdivision 1, reads in relevant part:

(d) A person is guilty of a gross misdemeanor who:
(1) surreptitiously installs or uses any device for observing, photographing,
recording, amplifying, or broadcasting sounds or events through the window
or other aperture of a sleeping room in a hotel, as defined in section 327.70,
subdivision 3, a tanning booth, or other place where a reasonable person
would have an expectation of privacy and has exposed or is likely to expose
their intimate parts, as define d in section 609.341, subdivision 5, or the
clothing covering the immediate area of the intimate parts; and
(2) does so with intent to intrude upon or interfere with the privacy of the
occupant.
(e) A person is guilty of a felony and may be sentenced to im prisonment for
not more than two years or to payment of a fine of not more than $5,000, or
both, if the person:
. . .
(2) violates this subdivision against a minor under the age of 18, knowing or
having reason to know that the minor is present.

The Legislature amended section 609.746 in 2019 , and the amendment became effective
for offenses committed on or after August 1, 2019. Act of May 30, 2019, ch. 5, art. 4, § 11,
2019 Minn. Laws 993. Although the language quoted above was unchanged by the
amendment, we rely on the 2018 version of the statute, under which Galvan-Contreras was
charged and convicted.
6
subd. 1(d). But the statute elevates the offense to a felony if the defendant “violates this
subdivision against a minor under the age of 18, knowing or having r eason to know that
the minor is present.” Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd.1(e)(2). The State only charged Galvan-
Contreras with the felony offense, not the gross misdemeanor.
Galvan-Contreras filed a pretrial motion to dismiss the charge for lack of probable
cause. He argued that the State failed to allege he knew or had reason to know “the person
present was a minor.” The State conceded it could not prove Galvan-Contreras had reason
to know E.B. was a minor. But the State argued that it was required to prove only that
Galvan-Contreras had reason to know the “the victim was present.”
The district court denied the motion to dismiss the charge against Galvan-Contreras.
Observing that the relevant statutory language reads “knowing or having reason to know
that the minor is present,” as opposed to “knowing or having reason to know that the minor
is under the age of 18,” the district court concluded that it is the presence of the victim, not
the victim’s age, that must be known by the defendant at the time he commits the offense.
As for the Legislature’s use of the definite article “the” in the dependent clause “the minor
is present” in the statute, the district court concluded that the article is used to “consistently
identify[] the victim in accordance with the preceding clause necessitating that the violation
occur[s] against a minor under the age of 18.” (Emphasis added.)
The parties submitted the case under Minnesota Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.01,
subdivision 4, which allows a defendant to stipulate to the State’s case to obtain appellate
review of a pretrial ruling. In accordance with the rule, the parties agreed that the district
court’s pretrial ruling on the motion to dismiss was either dispositive of the case or that a
7
trial would be unnecessary if Galvan -Contreras prevailed on appeal. Galvan -Contreras
stipulated to the prosecution’s evidence, which included police reports, a video recording
of the police interview ing Galvan-Contreras, photographs of the bathroom in the fitness
center, photographs of Galvan-Contreras in the fitness center lobby, and an audio recording
of the police interview ing the victim. The parties also included the following written
stipulation:
Defendant agrees that the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he
knew or should have known a person was present, and that the State can
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person who was present was in fact
a minor under the age of 18. The State agrees that it lacks sufficient evidence
to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that at the time of the offense, the
Defendant knew or should have known this person was a minor.

The district court found Galvan -Contreras guilty of the charged offense . In its written
order, the district court found that the State’s evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt
that Galvan-Contreras “knew a person was there in the neighboring stall, and that the
[v]ictim was later determined to be a minor.”
On appeal , Galvan -Contreras a rgued that the plain language of section 609.746 ,
subd.1(e)(2), “unambiguously establishes that the offense has a mens rea element requiring
that a defendant knows or has reason to know that the victim of his offense is a minor under
the age of eighteen.” In contrast, the State argued it “did not have to prove that [ Galvan-
Contreras] had knowledge of the fact that the victim was under the age of 18.” The court
of appeals affirmed in a precedential opinion , concluding that the plain language of
section 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), “establishes age as a material element but requires
8
knowledge only of the victim's presence, not knowledge of the victim ’s age.” 2 State v.
Galvan-Contreras, 953 N.W.2d 529, 532 (Minn. App. 2021).
We granted Galvan-Contreras’s petition for further review.
ANALYSIS
This case requires us to interpret Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) , and then
apply the interpretation to this case. We address each question in turn.
I.
First, we must consider whether the knowledge element in Minn. Stat. § 609.746,
subd. 1(e)(2), “knowing or having reason to know,” attaches to the victim’s presence or
age. We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. State v. Thonesavanh ,
904 N.W.2d 432, 435 (Minn. 2017). When interpreting a statute, the first step is to
determine whether the language of the statute is ambiguous. State v. Degroot, 946 N.W.2d
354, 360 (Minn. 2020). When “the Legislature’s intent is clear from the statute’s plain and
unambiguous language, then we interpret the statute according to its plain meaning without
resorting to the canons of statutory construction.” State v. Struzyk, 869 N.W.2d 280, 284–
85 (M inn. 2015). “The language of a statute is unambiguous when there is only
one reasonable way to read the text. ” State v. Fugalli, 967 N.W.2d 74, 77 (Minn. 2021).
We read words and phrases according to the rules of grammar and their common and

2 In reaching this conclusion, the court of appeals relied on the definition of “criminal
intent” in a separate statute, which states that “proo f of knowledge of the age of a minor”
is not required to establish that intent “even though age is a material element in the crime
in question .” Galvan-Contreras, 953 N.W.2d at 532 (quoting Minn. Stat. § 609.02,
subd. 9(6) (2018)); see id., subd. 9(1) (2018) (explaining that criminal intent is shown by
“some form of the verb[] ‘know’ ”).
9
approved usage. Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1) (2020). We do not read a statute in isolation;
rather, we read all parts of a statute together as a whole. State v. Pakhnyuk, 926 N.W.2d
914, 920 (Minn. 2019); see also Minn. Stat. § 645.17(2) (2020) (noting that the Legislature
is presumed to intend that “the entire statute . . . be effective and certain”).
Minnesota Statutes section 609.746 subdivision 1(e)(2), provides that “[a] person is
guilty of a felony . . . if the person . . . violates this subdivision against a minor under the
age of 18, knowing or having reason to know that the minor is present.” (Emphasis added.)
Galvan-Contreras argues that the language “knowing or having reason to know that the
minor is present” requires the State to prove that the defendant knew or had reason to know
the victim is a minor at the time the offense is committed . By contrast, the State ar gues
that it must prove only that the defendant knew or had reason to know a person was present
when the offense is committed ; and if the person happens to be a minor under the age of
18, the offense can be enhanced to a felony. We agree with Galvan-Contreras.
When looking at the phrase “against a minor under the age of 18, knowing or having
reason to know that the minor is present” in Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), the word
“know” has a statutory definition that must be applied. In criminal statutes, the term
“know” requires “that the actor believes that the specified fact exists.” Minn. Stat.
§ 609.02, subd. 9(2) (2018). There are no other defined terms within the phrase, so we
consider the ordinary meaning of the other words in light of the surrounding context.
The first part of the statutory language in question, “a minor under the age of 18,”
identifies the victim of the crime. Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2). There is no dispute
that the victim of the felony offense must be a minor, which is a person under the age of 18.
10
The second part of the statutory language in question, “knowing or having reason to know
that the minor is present,” identi fies the knowledge requirement for the crime. Id. This
makes sense because Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), is the enhancement provision of
the statute. The enhancement provision is telling us why the offense is elevated from a
gross misdemeanor to a felony by identifying a specific victim and a specific knowledge
requirement.
Applying the statutory definition of “know” to the ordinary meaning of the other
words in the statute yields the following result: the defendant must believe in the existence
of the specified fact—that the minor is present. In other words, the defendant must know
or have reason to know that a minor under the age of 18 (the victim) is present when the
offense is committed.
The grammar and context of the statutory phrase supp ort this conclusion. The
article in the phrase “violates this subdivision against a minor under the age of 18, knowing
or having reason to know that the minor is present,” changes from “a” to “the” because the
same subject is being referenced in both parts. Id. Once we know who the victim is (a
minor), then we are told that the defendant must know or have reason to know that the
victim (the minor) is present. This makes sense because using “the” as the definite article
refers “to someone or something previously mentioned or clearly understood from the
context or situation.” Websters 3rd New International Dictionary, 2368 (1981). In short,
the interpretation Galvan-Contreras offers is consistent with the plain meaning of the words
used in the statute, and therefore is a reasonable interpretation.
11
By contrast, t he State’s proposed interpretation is unreasonable . The State’s
interpretation effectively erases “the minor” from the second clau se, thereby making
anyone’s presence (as opposed to a minor’s presence) determinative. See Minn. Stat .
§ 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2). The canon of surplusage instructs us to “avoid interpretations
that would render a word or phrase superfluous, void, or insig nificant, thereby ensuring
each word in a statute is given effect.” State v. Thompson , 950 N.W.2d 65, 69 ( Minn.
2020). Under the State’s interpretation, the language of the statute requires proof only that
the defendant knew or had reason to know a person—any person—is present in the location
being recorded. Such an interpretation focuses on the presence of a person. But this
interpretation is not reasonable because it ignores the plain language of the statute that
identifies the victim of the offense as a minor under the age of 18 and fails to properly
apply the statutory definition of “know,” which sets forth the defend ant’s knowledge
requirement for the enhanced felony offense. The State’s interpretation also effectively
removes the meaningful mens rea distinction between the gross misdemeanor and felony
offenses.3 Clearly, the Legislature elevated the offense from a gross misdemeanor to a

3 Under Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(d), a person is guilty of a gross misdemeanor
if he or she “surreptitiously installs or uses any device” for reco rding in a “place where a
reasonable person would have an expectation of privacy and has exposed or is likely to
expose their intimate parts” and “does so with intent to intrude upon or interfere with the
privacy of the occupant.” The language of Minn. St at. § 609.746, subd. 1(e), elevates the
offense to a felony if the person commits the offense “knowing or having reason to know
that the minor is present.” The defendant’s knowledge or mens rea is the meaningful
distinction between the two offenses. For the gross misdemeanor offe nse, the defendant
intends to intrude upon the privacy of the victim, any person. For the felony offense, the
defendant intends to intrude upon the privacy of a minor . It makes sense to protect the
privacy of minors by imposing a harsher punishment upon defendants who seek them out.

12
felony to make the punishment more severe if a person intentionally commits the offense
against a minor victim. We therefore conclude that the interpretation proposed by the State
is unreasonable.4
In sum, the plain language of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd.1(e)(2), requires the State
to prove that the defendant knew or had reason to know the person secretly recorded is a
minor under the age of 18.
II.
Second, we must apply the plain language interpretation of Minn. Stat. § 609.746,
subd. 1(e)(2), to th is case. The parties appealed using a specific procedural vehicle
available in criminal cases under Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, which allows the
preservation and appeal of a district court’s pretrial ruling. T o utilize the procedure set
forth in the rule, the parties must agree that the district court’s ruling “on a specified pretrial

But the State’s interpretation eliminates the higher level of protection and corresponding
punishment.

4 The dissent agrees that the State’s interpretation is unreasonable. See infra at D-4.
But the dissent also believes that the plain language interpretation set forth above is
unreasonable and then puts forth what it contends is another reasonable interpretation of
the statute. The dissent’s interpretation suffers from the same defect as the State’s
interpretation. The dissent concludes that the defendant does not need to know that the
person recorded is a minor as long as the defendant has reason to know that minors could
be in the location recorded. The statute precludes this interpretation because it requires
that the defendant have reason to know that “the minor” is present. Minn. Stat. § 609.746,
subd. 1(e)(2). We do agree with the dissent, however, that the State’s ability to prove that
the defendant knew or had reason to know the minor is present when the offense is
committed could depend on the location where the recording takes place. See infra at D-7
n.6. And we agree with the dissent’s reasoni ng that the linking verb “is” in the statute
identifies the characteristic that must be known (the minor) and what must be known
(presence). See infra at D-6.
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issue is dispositive of the case, or that the ruling makes a contested trial unnecessary.”
Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4(a). The rule replaces the procedure originally authorized
in State v. Lothenbach, 296 N.W.2d 854 (Minn. 1980), which allowed the defendant to
stipulate to the prosecution’s case to obtain appellate review of the pretrial ruling. See
State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 842 n.2 (Minn. 2011).
Appellate review of a case appealed using Rule 26.01, subd. 4 , is limited to
consideration of the dispositive pretrial ruling only. See Minn. R. Crim. P. 26 cmt . By
contrast, if there is no dispositive pretrial ruling in a case or the defendant wishes to have
the full scope of appellate review, including a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence
on appeal, then the parties should use Rule 26.01, subd. 3, instead. See State v. Busse ,
644 N.W.2d 79, 89 (Minn. 2002). Rule 26.01, subd. 3, allows the parties to submit a case
to the district court for a verdict based entirely on stipulated facts and/or stipulated
evidence, and then the defendant can raise any issue(s) on appeal.
Here, the State and Galvan-Contreras agreed that the district court’s pretrial ruling
denying Galvan-Contreras’ motion to dismiss the felony interference with the privacy of a
minor charge was dispositive of this case. Therefore, this case has been properly appealed
using Rule 26.01, subd. 4. But also included in the written st ipulation is the following
concession by the State: “The State agrees that it lacks sufficient evidence to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that at the time of the offense, the Defendant knew or should have
known this person was a minor.” State v. Galvan -Contreras, No. 27-CR-19-3719,
Stipulation at 1 (Henn. Cnty. Dist. Ct. filed Aug. 27, 2019). Because the State has
stipulated that it cannot prove that Galvan -Contreras knew or had reason to know the
14
victim, E.B., is a minor, the dispositive pretrial ruling by the district court must be reversed
and the charge against Galvan-Contreras dismissed.
The dissent insists that the case should be remanded to the district court for further
proceedings to consider the dissent’s interpretation of Minn. Stat. § 609.746 subd. 1(e)(2),
one which “was neither addressed in the parties’ written agreement nor considered by the
district court.” See infra at D-8. That has no bearing on the clear impropriety of remand
here, where the State squarely conceded that under the construction of Minn. Stat.
§ 609.746 subd. 1(e)(2) argued by Galvan -Contreras, it cannot prove him guilty of the
felony offense .5 Nor does o ur case law support a remand under the circumstances
described by the dissent . The primary case relied on by the dissent, Buzzell v. Walz,
974 N.W.2d 256, 265-66 (Minn. 2022), is a case where the district court dismissed a civil
complaint. The standard we applied in Buzzell has nothing to do with the procedure created
in the criminal rule at issue in this case.6

5 During the police interview, Galvan -Contreras told the officers that “[E.B.] didn’t
look like a man, you know what I am saying. I noticed right away that he was a kid.” The
dissent insists that this piece of evidence should foreclose outright reversal of the
conviction. See infra at D-1, D-10. The dissent overlooks, however, that f or whatever
reason, the State chose not to rely on this piece of evidence. In fact, the written stipulation
agreed to by the prosecutor implicitly rejects the evidence. It is not our role to second
guess these types of strategic decisions of prosecutors.

6 The dissent also cites State v. Boettcher , 931 N.W.2d 376, 382 (Minn. 2019)
(addressing restitution after jury trial). That case is likewise inapposite because it does not
arise in the context of Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01 , subd. 4. As explained above, there is no
way to square a remand here with the plain language of the rule or what the district court
was told in the parties’ stipulation.
15
The parties decided and agreed to utilize a specific procedural vehicle, Minn. R.
Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, to seek appellate review of only a pretrial ruling—a ruling the
parties agreed was “dispositive of the case.” Requiring the district court to reengage in this
case on remand is not consistent with the text or spirit of Rule 26.01, subd. 4. The legally
commanded result here is a reversal of the district court’s pretrial ruling, which results in
the dismissal of the felony charge against Galvan-Contreras.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals and
reverse the district court’s pretrial ruling on the motion to dismiss.
Reversed.

D-1
D I S S E N T
MCKEIG, Justice (dissenting).
The court reverses the felony conviction of a defendant who used a recording device
to surreptitiously intrude on the privacy of a child and then told the police, “I noticed right
away that he was a kid.” In doing so, the court adopts an unreasonable interpretation of
the relevant statute. Because the court’s analysis is neither reasonable nor just, I dissent.
A.
Minnesota Statutes section 609.746, subdivision 1(e)(2) (2018), prohibits a person
from surreptitiously using a recording device with the intent to intrude on the privacy of a
person under the age of 18 in a place where a reasonable person would have an expectation
of privacy and is likely to expose their private parts. In describing the knowledge
requirement for the offense, the Legislature wrote, “knowing or having reason to know that
the minor is present.” Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) (emphasis added.) According
to the court, the only reasonable interpretation of this language is the State must “prove
that the defendant knew” that “the person secretly recorded is a minor .” Supra at 12
(emphasis added.) As explained below, the court’s interpretation is unreasonable for three
reasons.
When interpreting a statute, the first step is to determine whether the language of
the statute is unambiguous. State v. Boss , 959 N.W.2d 198, 203 (Minn. 2021). The
language of a statute is unambiguous if it is susceptible to only one reasonable
interpretation. Id. In determining whether the language of a statute is subject to more than
one reasonable interpretation, we consider the canons of interpretation in Minn. Stat.
D-2
§ 645.08 (2020) .1 The canons in section 645.08 are intrinsic canons that direct us to
construe words and phrases according to the rules of grammar and their common and
approved usage. Minn. Stat. § 645.08(1). In determining the plain and ordinary meaning
of a word or ph rase, we may consider dictionary definitions. State v. Jama, 923 N.W.2d
632, 636 (Minn. 2019). We may also consider the canon against surplusage, which is an
intrinsic canon that favors giving each word or phrase in a statute a distinct meaning. State
v. Prigge , 907 N.W.2d 635, 638 (Minn. 2018). Stated differently, the canon against
surplusage directs us to “avoid interpretations that would render a word or phrase
superfluous, void, or insignificant, thereby ensuring each word in a statute is given effect.”
State v. Thompson, 950 N.W.2d 65, 69 (Minn. 2020). If we conclude that the language of
a statute is subject to only one reasonable interpretation, we must apply the statute’s plain
meaning. State v. Overweg, 922 N.W.2d 179, 183 (Minn. 2019).
Consistent with this well-established law, I begin my analysis with the language of
the statute. Minnesota Statutes section 609.746 subdivision 1(e)(2) , provides that “[a]
person is guilty of a felony . . . if the person . . . violates this subdivision against a minor
under the age of 18, knowing or having reason to know that the minor is present.”

1 Consistent with the language of Minn. Stat. § 645.08, we use the term “canons of
interpretation” when referring to the canons listed in section 645.08. The Revisor of
Statutes has inserted an inaccurate headnote that reads, “ 645.08 CANONS OF
CONSTRUCTION.” Although the inaccurate headnote does not affect the scope of
meaning of the statute, see Minn. Stat. § 645.49 (2020) (explaining that “[t]he headnotes
printed in boldface type before sections and subdivisions in editions of Minnesota Statutes
are mere catchwords to indicate the contents of the section or subdivision and are not part
of th e statute.”), it arguably creates a trap for the unwary and therefore the Revisor of
Statutes may want to revisit the headnote.
D-3
(Emphasis added.) The first part of the dependent clause indicates the defendant violates
this subdivision and is guilty of a felony offense when they surreptitiously record a minor
victim under the age of 18 . The Legislature’s use of the indefinite article “a” signals a
generic reference to nonspecific minor victims. See Bryan A. Garner, The Redbook: A
Manual on Legal Style § 10.38 (2d ed. 2006) (explaining that it is “well -established that
the use of the indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ signals a generic reference”); State v. Culver ,
941 N.W.2d 134, 140 (Minn. 2020) (same).
The second part of the dependent clause creates a carve out. It clarifies that to be
found guilty of the felony offense, the defendant must have made the recording intruding
on a minor victim’s reasonable expectation of privacy knowing or having reason to know
the minor victim is present. The auxiliary verb “is” links the subject of a senten ce to
“something affirmed of the subject.” The Chicago Manual of Style 5-154 (2017) (stating
that the verb “is” is a form of “be,” which is “the most common linking verb that connects
the subject with something affirmed of the subject”). Here, the noun “ minor” is linked to
the adjective “present,” 2 in the phrase “knowing or having reason to know that the minor
is present.” The linking verb “is” identifies the characteristic that must be known, or
reasonably known, about “the minor,” namely they are “pre sent” in the recorded location.

2 The word “present” is an adjective that means “being in one place and not
elsewhere.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1793 (1981); The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1393 (5th ed. 2018) (“[b]eing at hand or in
attendance”); Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 982 (11th ed. 2014) (“being in
view or at hand”).
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Keeping in mind the nature of the linking verb “is,” I consider the reasonableness of the
competing interpretations offered by the State and Galvan-Contreras.
The State argues it must prove the defendant knew or had reason to know a person
was present when they surreptitiously recorded; and if the person happens to be a minor,
the offense is elevated to a felony. The State’s proposed interpretation, however,
effectively erases “the minor” from the second clause, thereby mak ing anyone’s presence
(as opposed to a minor’s presence) determinative.3 Because the interpretation proposed by
State violates the canon against surplusage, which directs us to avoid interpretations that
would render a word or phrase superfluous, void, or insignificant, I agree with the court’s
conclusion that the State’s interpretation of the statutory language is unreasonable.
Having concluded that the State’s interpretation is unreasonable, I consider the
reasonableness of the interpretation proposed by Galvan -Contreras and adopted by the
court. Under their interpretation, the language “knowing or having reason to know that the
minor is present” requires the State to prove the defendant knew or had reason to know that
the victim is a minor under the age of 18. Based on the nature of the linking verb “is,”
however, their argument requires them to change the statutory language “knowing or
having reason to know that the minor is present” to “knowing or having reason to know

3 The State’s argument is also inconsistent with the district court’s example of a
situation in which a defendant would not have reason to know a minor victim was present,
specifically “a defendant takes a photo over a neighboring stall seeing the legs of an adult
under the door, but once viewing the photograph discovers the adult was assisting their
minor child in the bathroom.” In such a situation, the defenda nt knows or has reason to
know “a person” is present (the adult) but does not know or have reason to know a minor
is present.
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that the victim is a minor.” See supra at 10. This is so because, according to Galvan -
Contreras and the court, the characteristic that must be known, or reasonably known, about
“the minor” is that they are a minor. But this does not work for three reasons. First, we
are not permitted to rewrite a statute. State v. Holl , 966 N.W.2d 803, 812 (Minn. 2021).
Second, the proposed rewrite effectively removes the word “present” from the statutory
language; as mentioned above, the canon of surplusage requires us to avoid interpretations
that render a word superfluous, void, or insignificant. Thompson, 950 N.W.2d at 69. Third,
in changing the important characteristic that must be known from “being present” to “being
a minor under the age of 18,” the proposed rewrite creates a rather circular requirement:
“being a minor” is the important characteristic that must be known about the minor. I
acknowledge that the court substitutes the phrase “the victim” for the phras e “the minor”
when it articulates the requirement, supra at 10, but that substitution does not change the
fact that the court’s position is a defendant must know or have reason to know the minor is
a minor. I therefore conclude that the interpretation proposed by Galvan-Contreras and the
court is also unreasonable.
Having concluded that the interpretations offered by the parties and the court are
unreasonable, I turn back to the plain language of the text to see if there is any other
reasonable interpretat ion.4 Minnesota Statutes section 609.746, subdivision 1(e)(2) ,

4 We have a duty to decide cases in accordance with the law. State v. Hannuksela ,
452 N.W.2d 668, 673 n.7 (Minn. 1990). When the interpretations of a statute proposed by
the parties are unreasonable, we consider whether there is any other reasonable
interpretation of the statutory language. State v. Heiges, 806 N.W.2d 1, 16 (Minn. 2011),
abrogated on other grounds by State v. Holl, 966 N.W.2d 803, 811-12 (Minn. 2021).
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provides that “[a] person is guilty of a felony . . . if the person . . . violates this subdivision
against a minor under the age of 18, knowing or having reason to know that the minor is
present.” (Emphasis added.) As mentioned above, the first part of the dependent clause
under subdivision 1(e)(2), requires that a victim be a minor and the second part of the
dependent clause creates a carve out for defendants who do not know, or have reas on, to
know a minor is present in the recorded location. In my view, this language supports a
third reading of the statute; when a defendant knows or has reason to know a minor is
present—and surreptitiously intrudes into places where a minor has a reasonable
expectation of privacy —the defendant has violated subdivision 1(e)(2). See Webster’s
Third International Dictionary 2368 (1981) (defining the word “the” as “used as a function
word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent refers to someone or something
previously mentioned or clearly understood from the context or the situation.”). Under this
interpretation of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2) , the State would have to prove the
defendant knew or had reason to know a minor was present in the recorded location; and
if the victim is in fact a minor, the offense is elevated to a felony. Put differently, the
defendant must know or have reason to know more than “a person is present” in the
recorded location but need not know the specific victim is a minor under the age of 18.
The third interpretation is reasonable for the following reasons. First, the rules of
grammar support the third interpretation. In the phrase “knowing or having reason to know
the minor is present,” the linking verb “is” identifies the characteristic that must be known,
or reasonably known, about the noun “the minor,” namely they are “present” in the
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recorded location. 5 Consistent with the rules of grammar, the third in terpretation makes
presence in the recorded location the important characteristic that must be known.
Second, requiring the State to prove the defendant knew or had reason to know “a
minor” is present in recorded location makes sense. In its pretrial or der, the district court
described a situation in which a defendant would have no reason to know a minor was
present in the recorded location, specifically “a defendant takes a photo over a neighboring
stall seeing the legs of an adult under the door, but once viewing the photograph discovers
the adult was assisting their minor child in the bathroom.” Similarly, a defendant who used
a recording device in an adults -only fitness center or an adults -only bar would have no
reason to know a minor victim was pres ent in the recorded location, absent additional
information showing that a minor is in fact present. 6 Under the third interpretation, the

5 At least one other jurisdiction has recognized that when the legislature enacts a
statute that requires a defendant to know the child is present, the defendant need only have
knowledge of the child’s presence, not the child’s age. Roof v. State, 665 S.W.2d 490, 491
(Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

6 Ultimately, a determination of whether the defendant knew or had reason to know
a minor was present in the recorded location will depend on the totality of the
circumstances. See State v. Mauer , 741 N.W.2d 107, 115 (Minn. 2007) (proof of
knowledge may be based on circumstantial evidence). The nature of the recorded location
will often be relevant. For example, if a defendant installed a recording device in a middle
school locker room, the location itself conveys important information about whether the
defendant knew or had reason to know a minor victim will be present in that particular
location. Our caselaw also supports looking to the location of the offense as relevant and
important circumstantial evidence. See State v. Stevenson, 656 N.W.2d 235, 237 (2003)
(upholding a conviction based on the defendant’s location because both his vehicle and his
conduct—namely parking and masturbating in a handicapped stall directly in front of the
playground—was “reasonably capable of being viewe d by a minor”); see also State v.
Jama, 923 N.W.2d 632, 636 (Minn. 2019) (clarifying that under Minn. Stat. § 617.23,
subd. 2 (2018), the indecent-exposure statute, it is “the nature and location of the exposure

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carve out clause of the statute squarely addresses these accidental or inadvertent recording
situations.
Finally, the third interpretation does not violate the canon against surplusage
because it gives meaning to the words “minor” and “present” in the phrase “the minor is
present” by requiring the State to prove the defendant knew or had reason to know a minor
was present in the recorded location.
For the reasons discussed above, I conclude that under the only reasonable
interpretation of the language of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), the State must prove
that the defendant committed the interference with privacy knowing or having reason to
know a minor victim is present in the recorded location.
B.
Now I consider whether a remand is appropriate to allow the district court to
reconsider Galvan-Contreras’ pretrial motion to dismiss the charge for lack of probable
cause, applying the only reasonable interpretation of Minn. Stat. § 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2),
which was neither addressed in the parties’ written agreement nor considered by the district
court.

that impacts the certainty of the observatio n—not the person’s subjective intent”)
(emphasis omitted); compare State v. Peery, 28 N.W.2d 851, 853 (Minn. 1947) (involving
a naked defendant who accidentally forgot to pull down the shades in his dorm room), with
State v. Prince, 206 N.W.2d 660, 660 (Minn. 1973) (involving a naked defendant standing
in the doorway calling out “[h]i, girls”). The third interpretation also squarely addresses
surreptitious cameras that are not monitored “live” by the defendant because the defendant
knows or has reason to k now the character of the location recorded when the defendant
sets up the camera.
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To obtain appellate review of the district court’s pretrial order, the parties signed a
written agreement that addressed all of the requirements of Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01,
subd. 4 (Stipulation to Prosecution Case to Obtain review of a Pretrial Ruling). State v.
Galvan-Contreras, No. 27 -CR-19-3719, Stipulation at 2 -3 (Henn. Cnty. Dist. Ct. filed
Aug. 27, 2019). The parties’ agreement did not discuss, nor did the district court consider,
the issue of whether the State could prove that at the time of the offense, Galvan-Contreras
knew or had reason to know that a minor was present in the recorded location, the bathroom
in the fitness center.
In other conte xts, we have remanded to allow the district court to apply an
interpretation of the statute that was not previously considered by the district court. For
example, in Buzzell v. Walz, the court adopted a definition of the word “commandeer” in
Minn. Stat. § 12.34, subd. 2 (2020), that “neither the court of appeals nor the district court
applied in determining whether Buzzell stated a claim sufficient to survive a motion to
dismiss.” 974 N.W.2d 256, 265 (Minn. 2022). More specifically, the court defined
“commandeer” to mean “exercise[ing] exclusive control over or obtain[ing] exclusive
possession of the types of property listed in section 12.34, subdivision 1(2), such that the
government could physically use it for an emergency management purpose.” Id. at
263. Having adopted a definition that was not applied by the district court, this court
remanded the case “to the district court to determine whether the allegations in the
complaint could support the conclusion that, by issuing the emergency orders, the
Governor exercised exclusive control over or obtained exclusive possession of Buzzell’s
property such that the government could physically use it for emergency management
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purposes.” Id. at 265-66. Similarly, in State v. Boettcher, the court clarified that “a district
court may order restitution only for losses that are directly caused by, or follow naturally
as a consequence of, the defendant's crime.” 931 N.W.2d 376, 381 (Minn. 2019). Because
neither the district court nor the court of appeals applied that standard, the court remanded
to the court of appeals for reconsideration under the clarified standard. Id. at 382.
Consistent with Buzzell and Boettcher, I would remand to the distri ct court to
reconsider Galvan-Contreras’ pretrial motion to dismiss the charge for lack of probable
cause, focusing on the issue of whether Galvan-Contreras knew or had reason to know that
a minor was present in the recorded location, because the only reasonable interpretation of
section 609.746, subd. 1(e)(2), was not advanced by the parties nor applied by the district
court.7 Rejecting this sound approach, the court reverses the felony conviction of a
defendant who used a recording device to surreptitio usly intrude on the privacy of a child

7 The court tries to call into question my reliance on Buzzell and Boettcher, by simply
observing that Buzzell did not involve a criminal complaint and Boettcher did not involve
a proceeding under Rule 26.01, subd. 4. Supra at 13-14. The court’s analysis falls short
because it fails to explain why these admitted differences are material. The general legal
principle announced in Buzzell and Boettcher is that when an appellate court announces an
interpretation of a statute that the lower courts did not apply in resolving the parties’
dispute, a remand to reconsider the dispute under the correct interpretation is appropriate.
The court fails to explain why the application of this sound legal principle in Galvan -
Contreras’ case is inconsistent with Buzzell and Boettcher. Here, the parties mistakenly
believed there were only two interpretations of the statute, and that the adoption of either
interpretation would fully resolve t he parties’ dispute. Having determined that the only
reasonable interpretation of the statute is one that was not considered by the parties, was
not applied by the lower courts, and does not fully resolve the parties’ dispute, I conclude
that the sound legal principle announced in Buzzell and Boettcher applies with equal force
here and therefore I would remand the case to the district court to reconsider Galvan -
Contreras’ pretrial motion to dismiss the charge for lack of probable cause under the correct
interpretation of the statute.
D-11
and then told the police, “I noticed right away that he was a kid.” In doing so, the court
adopts an unreasonable interpretation of the relevant statute. Because the court’s analysis
is neither reasonable nor just, I dissent.

CHUTICH, Justice (dissenting).
I join in the dissent of Justice McKeig.
THISSEN, Justice (dissenting).
I join in the dissent of Justice McKeig.