State of Minnesota, Respondent,

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A24-0195

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Virl Budette Deal, III,
Appellant.

Filed December 30, 2024
Affirmed
Schmidt, Judge

Freeborn County District Court
File No. 24-CR-23-846

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Joel M. Holstad, Albert Lea City Attorney, White Bear Lake, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Amy Lawler, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Frisch, Presiding Judge; Smith, Tracy M., Judge; and
Schmidt, Judge.
NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
SCHMIDT, Judge
Appellant challenges his misdemeanor conviction for violating an order for
protection (OFP), arguing that (1) the district court erred by not allowing him to challenge
the validity of the OFP, and (2) the evidence was insufficient to prove the mens rea required
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for an OFP violation. Appellant raises additional arguments in a pro se supplemental brief.
We affirm.
FACTS
Appellant Virl Budette Deal, III and H.D. were in a volatile romantic relationship.
A district court issued an OFP on April 10, 2023, ordering Deal to have no contact with
H.D. “in person with or through other persons, by telephone, mail, e-mail, through
electronic devices, social media, or by any other means[.]” A deputy sheriff served Deal
with the OFP the following day.
In May 2023, the Glenwood Police Department received a complaint of an OFP
violation from H.D. after she received “hundreds of text messages” from Deal over the
preceding few days. Glenwood police contacted the Albert Lea Police Department to help
connect with Deal. After reviewing the text messages, Albert Lea police spoke with Deal.
He admitted to messaging H.D. but said that she had also been messaging him. Albert Lea
police arrested Deal and cited him for misdemeanor violation of an OFP.
Before trial, respondent State of Minnesota filed a motion to exclude evidence that
challenged the validity of the OFP because “Deal not only had an opportunity to challenge
the validity of the order but the Judge denied his request for modification of the order and
suggested that if he chose to pursue the matter he should seek a vacation of the order, which
he has declined to do.” Deal responded that he should be allowed to testify about his belief
that the OFP was invalid because, according to Deal, the OFP was obtained through H.D.’s
false statements. The district court granted the state’s motion to exclude testimony about
the validity of the OFP because Deal did not appeal the OFP after it was initially issued.
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The defense requested a continuance, arguing that Deal could still timely request
that the OFP judgment be vacated under Minn. R. Civ. P. 60.02 by establishing that the
OFP was obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or misconduct. The district court
denied the request. The case proceeded to a trial by jury.
At trial, a deputy sheriff testified that he served the OFP on Deal on April 11, 2023.
H.D. testified that the OFP did not allow Deal to have any contact with her. She then
identified the numerous text messages that Deal had sent to her from 35 different phone
numbers between May 26 and 27, 2023. Deal testified that H.D. had visited him for four
days while the OFP was in effect. He also testified that he recalled seeing a copy of the
OFP and did not dispute that he sent H.D. text messages after he received the OFP.
At the end of the trial, the district court instructed the jury on the elements of a
misdemeanor OFP violation:
First, there was an existing Court order for protection. Second,
the defendant knew of the existence of the order. To know
requires only that the defendant believes that the specified fact
exists. Third, the defendant violated a term or condition of the
order. Fourth, the defendant knew all the facts that made his
conduct a violation of the order. Fifth, the defendant’s act took
place on or about May 27, 2021, and Virl Deal made a wireless
or an electronic communication to [H.D.] and either the
defendant, Virl Deal, or [H.D.] resided in Freeborn County on
that date.

The jury found Deal guilty of the OFP violation. The district court sentenced Deal
to 90 days in jail, stayed 60 days, and placed him on probation. Deal appeals.
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DECISION
Deal argues that the district court abused its discretion by not allowing him to
challenge the validity of the OFP during trial and that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to establish that Deal acted with the necessary mens rea to be found guilty of a
misdemeanor OFP violation. In his pro se supplemental brief, Deal raises additional
arguments. We address each argument in turn.
I. The district court did not abuse its discretion by not allowing Deal to challenge
the validity of the OFP during trial.

Deal argues that the district court abused its discretion by excluding testimony
challenging the OFP’s validity. A trial court’s “evidentiary rulings will not be reversed
absent a clear abuse of discretion.” Dolo v. State, 942 N.W.2d 357, 362 (Minn. 2020). We
“will not lightly overturn a trial court’s evidentiary ruling.” Id. (quotations omitted).
The district court precluded Deal from offering evidence that the OFP was invalid
because Deal did not appeal the OFP when it was initially issued. To support its decision,
the district court cited to Steeves v. Campbell, 508 N.W.2d 817 (Minn. App. 1993),
reasoning that a challenge to an OFP must be through “an appeal from the original order.”
In Steeves, w e concluded that OFPs “are final orders in special proceedings” that are
immediately appealable. Id. at 818.
The district court also analyzed State v. Harrington, 504 N.W.2d 500 (Minn.
App. 1993), rev. denied (Minn. Sept. 30, 1993), which involved a harassment restraining
order (HRO). In Harrington, the district court issued an HRO and the defendants did not
appeal its issuance. Id. at 501-02. After the defendants were convicted of violating the
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HRO, the defendants appealed the convictions and challenged the constitutional validity of
the underlying HRO. Id. at 502- 03. This court concluded that the defendants were
“precluded from attacking [the HRO] in this subsequent [criminal] action” because they
had not appealed from the original issuance of the HRO. Id. at 503.
We conclude the district court correctly relied on Steeves and Harrington in
excluding evidence that would collaterally attack the OFP in the criminal proceeding after
Deal failed to appeal the OFP when it was first issued. As a final order in a special
proceeding, Deal could have appealed the OFP when it was first issued. Steeves ,
508 N.W.2d at 818. His failure to do so precludes him from collaterally attacking the OFP
in this subsequent criminal action. Harrington, 504 N.W.2d at 503.
State v. Romine also provides further support for the district court’s decision.
757 N.W.2d 884 (Minn. App. 2008), rev. denied (Minn. Feb. 17, 2009). In Romine, the
defendant appealed an OFP after it was issued, but then voluntarily dismissed his appeal.
Id. at 888. The defendant was later convicted for violating the OFP and, on direct appeal,
he challenged its constitutionality. Id. at 889. We concluded that because the defendant
had not challenged the OFP after it was issued, “the OFP is a final judgment, and the
constitutional validity of the [OFP] stands as law of the case.” Id. at 890 (alteration in
original) (quotations omitted). Thus, the defendant could not collaterally attack the OFP
in the subsequent criminal case concerning the violation. Id. at 890.
Deal’s failure to appeal the OFP after its issuance similarly means that the OFP
constitutes a final judgment and its validity is law of the case. The district court properly
excluded evidence seeking to challenge the final judgment of the prior order.
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Deal argues State v. Phipps demands a different result. 820 N.W.2d 282 (Minn.
App. 2012). In Phipps, this court analyzed a defendant’s challenge to an OFP’s
constitutionality during a criminal proceeding for violating the OFP . Id. at 285. But the
circumstances in Phipps differ from this case. In Phipps, the record was unclear whether
the defendant ever “had an opportunity to appeal from the issuance of the ex parte OFP”
and the state did not argue that the collateral attack was barred. Id. at 285, n.1. Unlike
Phipps, there is no question that Deal had the opportunity to appeal but did not do so, and
the state here is arguing against Deal’s attempt to collaterally attack the OFP . Thus, the
unique circumstances of Phipps are not present in this case.
Deal also cites State v. Colsch, 284 N.W.2d 839 (Minn. 1979), to assert that had he
appealed from the issuance of the OFP, we may have dismissed his appeal as not ripe for
review since no violation had occurred. In Colsch, the supreme court held that an appeal
of a condition of probation authorizing a warrantless search was premature because no
search had yet been made and the nature of the injury was speculative. Id. at 842. But
unlike in Colsch, an appeal from the issuance of the OFP would have addressed a real
harm—a protective order that prevented Deal from hav ing any contact with H.D. Appellate
courts regularly decide appeals directly from OFPs. See, e.g., Romine, 757 N.W.2d at 890;
Steeves, 508 N.W.2d at 818.
Given Deal’s failure to appeal the OFP when it was issued, we conclude that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence that would challenge the
validity of the OFP in his criminal trial for violating the OFP.
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II. The evidence was sufficient to establish that Deal acted with the necessary mens
rea to be found guilty of violating the OFP.

Deal contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove the mens rea element of
an OFP violation. When considering a sufficiency- of-the-evidence challenge, “ we
carefully examine the record to determine whether the facts and the legitimate inferences
drawn from them would permit the jury to reasonably conclude that the defendant was
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt[.]” State v. Boldman, 813 N.W.2d 102, 106
(Minn. 2012). “We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict” and
assume the jury disbelieved any contradictory evidence. Id. We may not overturn a verdict
if the jury could have reasonably found the defendant guilty of the charged offense. Id.
A jury found Deal guilty of one misdemeanor count for violating an OFP . Minn.
Stat. § 518B.01, subd. 14(b) (2022). The elements of a misdemeanor OFP violation are: a
defendant must have (1) known of the existence of the OFP, and (2) violated a condition
of that OFP. Id.
In support of his mens rea argument, Deal cites to State v. Andersen, where the state
charged the defendant with violating an HRO by walking within 100 feet of the protected
party’s apartment. 946 N.W.2d 627, 629-30 (Minn. App. 2020). The record in Andersen
reflected that the protected party’s address was marked as confidential in the HRO and the
state did not prove that the defendant knew the location of the protected party’s residence.
Id. Reasoning that the HRO statute did not impose strict liability, this court reversed the
defendant’s conviction on sufficiency-of-the -evidence grounds. Id. at 633-38. We
concluded that “in a prosecution for violating [an HRO], the state must prove that the
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defendant knew all the facts that would cause him or her to be in violation of the [HRO,]”
including that the defendant’s “presence in a particular location would subject [the
defendant] to criminal liability.” Id. at 628, 637.
Deal’s reliance on Andersen is misplaced. In Andersen, we rejected the argument
that the defendant could be found strictly liable for violating an HRO when the HRO did
not identify the location where the defendant was prohibited from being. Id. Here, the
OFP unequivocally prohibited contact with H.D. Deal’s skepticism about the validity of
the OFP does not discredit that the state provided evidence—and Deal admitted—that Deal
knew the OFP existed. The evidence proved Deal’s mens rea beyond a reasonable doubt.
Deal argues that this case presents “unique facts . . . that undermine any finding of
[mens] rea.” We disagree. The facts that Deal relies upon do not refute that he knew the
OFP existed. Instead, those facts only demonstrate that Deal did not believe that the OFP
was valid. Deal’s subjective belief that the OFP was invalid does not render the evidence
insufficient that an OFP existed or that he was aware that his conduct violated its terms.
The state proved that Deal knew of the OFP which provides sufficient evidence to support
the jury’s verdict on the mens rea element.
III. The arguments raised in Deal’s pro se supplemental brief do not warrant relief.
Deal submitted a pro se supplemental brief, which —beyond the arguments we
addressed above—raises issues that we construe to include (1) ineffective assistance of
counsel; (2) prosecutorial misconduct; (3) jury instruction violations; (4) constitutional
violations; (5) due process violations; ( 6) oath of office violations; and (7) conflicts of
interest. After our thorough review of these claims, we discern no error or prejudice and
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conclude that Deal’s pro se claims do not merit relief. See State v. Waiters, 929 N.W.2d
895, 902 (Minn. 2019) (“When our careful review of each claim raised in a pro se
supplemental brief leads us to conclude that the claims are without merit, we have not
included a detailed discussion of each claim in our opinion.”); State v. Robertson,
884 N.W.2d 864, 877 (Minn. 2016) (“After carefully considering each argument in full,
we conclude that [appellant’s] pro se claims lack merit.”).
Affirmed.