Paul Casey Mason, Appellant,

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A24-1074

Paul Casey Mason,
Appellant,

vs.

State of Minnesota,
Respondent.

Filed January 21, 2025
Affirmed
Schmidt, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CR-17-18221

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Richard Schmitz, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Mary F. Moriarty, Hennepin County Attorney, Matthew D. Hough, Assistant County
Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)

Considered and decided by Bratvold, Presiding Judge; Reyes, Judge; and Schmidt,
Judge.
SYLLABUS
1. A district court has jurisdiction to rule on a motion seeking to correct an
alleged unlawful sentence under Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9 that would change the
classification of an offense from a felony to a gross misdemeanor even after the sentence
has expired.
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2. Under Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4(a) (2016), a single syringe does not
constitute “one dosage unit” of a controlled substance as a matter of law; rather, the
defendant must prove, as a factual matter, that the syringe constitutes “one dosage unit.”
OPINION
SCHMIDT, Judge
Appellant Paul Casey Mason appeals a district court order denying his motion filed
under Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9. Mason argues that the district court should have
corrected his felony sentence for fifth-degree possession of a controlled substance to a
gross misdemeanor because he possessed “one dosage unit” of methamphetamine in a
single syringe. Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4(a). Respondent State of Minnesota argues
that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to rule on Mason’s motion —and,
therefore, we should dismiss this appeal—because his sentence had expired before he filed
the rule 27.03 motion. Alternatively, the state argues that we should affirm on the merits.
We conclude that the district court had jurisdiction to consider Mason’s motion to
reclassify his felony sentence to a gross misdemeanor sentence. But because Mason did
not meet his burden of proof to demonstrate that his sentence was unlawful, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the rule 27.03 motion. We affirm.
FACTS
In July 2017, the state charged Mason with fifth-degree possession of a controlled
substance. The fifth-degree-possession statute provides that a person “who has not been
previously convicted of a violation of [chapter 152] or a similar offense in another
jurisdiction, is guilty of a gross misdemeanor”—rather than a felony —“if: (1) the amount
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of the controlled substance possessed . . . is less than 0.25 grams or one dosage unit or less
if the controlled substance was possessed in dosage units.” Minn. Stat. § 152.025,
subd. 4(a) (emphasis added).1
In August 2017, Mason pleaded guilty under a “straight plea.” 2 At the hearing,
Mason admitted to knowingly possessing “a syringe containing about 20 cc’s of”
methamphetamine. The district court accepted his plea and imposed a felony-level
sentence. The sentence expired in May 2018.
In February 2023, Mason filed a motion to correct his sentence, arguing that he
should have received a gross misdemeanor rather than a felony sentence because he only
had “one dosage unit” of drugs “inside a single syringe.” The state opposed the motion on
three grounds: (1) the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider the motion because
Mason’s sentence had expired; (2) the motion should be construed as a petition for
postconviction relief and dismissed as untimely under the two-year postconviction statute
(Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 4 (2022)); and (3) the motion should be denied on the merits.
The district court construed Mason’s motion as a petition for postconviction relief
and reasoned that, as the result of a plea agreement, Mason’s arguments implicated his
conviction. The court then dismissed the petition as untimely. Mason appealed.

1 The statute designates certain fifth-degree drug-possession crimes as gross misdemeanor
rather than felony offenses. Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4(a). T he legislature passed
subdivision 4(a) as part of the Drug Sentencing Reform Act. See 2016 Minn. Laws ch.
160, § 7, at 583-85. Mason committed the offense at issue after the Act took effect.

2 A “straight plea” is a guilty plea to the offense as charged with no agreement with the
state regarding sentencing. State v. Sanchez-Sanchez, 879 N.W.2d 324, 327 (Minn. 2016).
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We reversed the district court in an order opinion. See Mason v. State, No.
A23-0697, 2023 WL 8539444, at *3 (Minn. App. Dec. 1, 2023). We concluded that the
district court clearly erred by characterizing Mason’s plea as stemming from an agreement
with the state rather than a straight plea. Id. at *2. We noted that, absent a plea agreement,
“just as for a defendant found guilty following trial, Mason’s conviction for the offense in
this matter is entirely independent of his sentence, and he is entitled to challenge its legality
in a motion under rule 27.03, subdivision 9.” Id. at *3. We reversed and remanded the
matter to the district court “with instructions to consider Mason’s motion for correction of
his sentence under Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9, on its merits.” Id.
On remand, Mason argued that his sentence should b e corrected to a gross
misdemeanor. The state opposed the motion on the merits and again argued that the district
court lacked jurisdiction because Mason’s sentence had expired. The district court
acknowledged the state’s jurisdictional argument but determined that “per the Minnesota
Court of Appeal’s Order” it would consider the motion on the merits. The court then noted
that liquid quantities of controlled substances are typically prosecuted under a weight
theory, not a dosage- unit theory. And because Mason’s plea colloquy included an
admission to possessing the drugs under a weight theory, the district court determined that
Mason was properly sentenced for a felony under Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4. The
district court denied the rule 27.03 motion because the “facts provided support a
felony-level fifth-degree possession conviction; thus this sentence was authorized by law.”
Mason appeals.
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ISSUES
I. Did the district court have jurisdiction to rule on Mason’s motion to correct his
sentence from a felony to a gross misdemeanor even though the sentence had
expired before Mason filed the motion?

II. Did Mason satisfy his burden of proof to demonstrate that the syringe he possessed
constituted “one dosage unit” such that his sentence should be corrected from a
felony to a gross misdemeanor?

ANALYSIS
Mason contends the district court abused its discretion by declining to correct his
sentence from a felony to a gross misdemeanor. The state argues that the appeal must be
dismissed because Mason’s sentence had already expired by the time he filed the motion
and, therefore, the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. The state also contends
that we should affirm on the merits. Because we must confirm that the district court had
jurisdiction to rule on the motion before we can consider the merits of Mason’s appeal, we
start by analyzing the state’s jurisdictional argument.
I. The district court had subject matter jurisdiction to rule on Mason’s rule 27.03
motion to correct his sentence.

The state argues that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to rule on
the rule 27.03 motion because Mason’s sentence had already expired. Mason did not
respond to the state’s jurisdictional argument. The district court noted the jurisdictional
argument, but understandably followed our remand instructions to consider the motion “on
its merits.” Since subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time by the parties or by
the court, we will address the state’s argument in the first instance on appeal. See Kingbird
v. State, 973 N.W.2d 633, 637 (Minn. 2022).
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“Subject matter jurisdiction is a court’s statutory or constitutional power to
adjudicate the case.” State v. Schnagl, 859 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Minn. 2015) (emphasis in
original) (quotation omitted). “Put differently, subject matter jurisdiction refers to a court’s
authority to hear and determine a particular class of actions and the particular questions
presented to the court for its decision.” Id. (quotations omitted). Without subject matter
jurisdiction, a court must dismiss the case. Id. at 301.
“[D]istrict courts are courts of general jurisdiction that, with limited exceptions not
applicable in this case, have the power to hear all types of civil and criminal cases.” Id.
(footnote omitted). This power originated from the Minnesota Constitution. Minn. Const.
art. VI, § 3 (“The district court has original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases[.]”).
The supreme court has held that district courts have original jurisdiction over the sentence
imposed in a criminal case. State v. Shattuck, 704 N.W.2d 131, 148 (Minn. 2005).
Rule 27.03 provides that a “court may at any time correct a sentence not authorized
by law.” Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9 (emphasis added). Given the district court’s
general jurisdiction over criminal cases, original jurisdiction over sentences imposed, and
broad authority to correct an unlawful sentence at any time, we hold that a district court
maintains jurisdiction—even after a sentence expires— to rule on a motion that seeks to
correct an allegedly unlawful felony sentence by reclassifying it as a gross misdemeanor.
The state’s argument that the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider the motion
rests upon caselaw addressing efforts to add sanctions to an already-expired sentence. See
State v. Hannam, 792 N.W.2d 862, 864-65 (Minn. App. 2011) (dismissing appeal because
sentence expired and concluding that this court, like the district court, lacked jurisdiction
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to “modify the sentence to impose further sanctions”); Martinek v. State, 678 N.W.2d 714,
717-19 (Minn. App. 2004) (concluding that district court lacked jurisdiction to enforce the
terms of conditional release when it had not altered the sentence to include conditional
release before sentence expired); State v. Purdy, 589 N.W.2d 496, 498-99 (Minn.
App. 1999) (“The expiration of a sentence operates as a discharge that bars further
sanctions for a criminal conviction .”); State v. Whitfield, 483 N.W.2d 102, 104 (Minn.
App. 1992) (holding court lacked jurisdiction to revoke probation after expiration of
probationary stay), superseded by statute, Minn. Stat. § 609.14 (1994).3
But the district court here was not asked to impose further sanctions after Mason’s
sentence had already expired. Unlike modifying a sentence to add sanctions, Mason asked
the district court to correct his sentence by reclassifying a felony sentence that was,
according to Mason, not authorized by law. See Minn. Sent’g Guidelines cm. 2.B.701
(2016) (recognizing that “the classification of criminal conduct as a felony, gross
misdemeanor, misdemeanor, or petty misdemeanor is determined legally by the sentence
given”). The district court retained jurisdiction over the sentence imposed in order to rule
on the motion to correct the allegedly unlawful sentence, which rule 27.03 authorizes can
be done “at any time” without limitation.

3 The state also cites two nonprecedential cases, which we do not find persuasive because
they are distinguishable. See State v. Solien, No. A21-0144, 2021 WL 5561446, at *1-3
(Minn. App. Nov. 29, 2021) (reversing revocation of deferral of adjudication because
court’s jurisdiction had extinguished when probationary period expired); State v. Vacek,
No. A13-2136, 2014 WL 4798917, at *2 (Minn. App. Sept. 29, 2014) (rejecting argument
that this court lacked jurisdiction over appeal from an order that amended a sentence where
appeal was commenced before the sentence expired), rev. denied (Minn. Dec. 16, 2014).
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A district court’s ability to rule on such a motion is important given the collateral
consequences a felony record has on an individual. For example, a person may struggle to
find gainful employment by having a record that unlawfully includes a felony. See, e.g.,
Pechacek v. Minn. State Lottery, 497 N.W.2d 243, 244-45 (Minn. 1993) (analyzing statute
prohibiting Minnesota State Lottery from hiring any person convicted of a felony). An
individual may also face immigration consequences for a felony, which might not exist had
the offense been properly sentenced as a gross misdemeanor. See, e.g., Sanchez v. State,
890 N.W.2d 716, 721-26 (Minn. 2017) (analyzing ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim
related to advising client about immigration consequences for pleading guilty to an offense
classified at a certain felony level) . And if a person faces new criminal charges, the
individual’s criminal-history score will be affected by whether the prior offense was
sentenced as a felony or as a gross misdemeanor. See State v. Strobel, 932 N.W.2d 303,
307-10 (Minn. 2019) (concluding that prior fifth-degree controlled- substance possession
offense could not be classified as a felony when calculating the criminal-history score for
sentencing on a new conviction); see also Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.B.111 (2016) (“When
an offender was convicted of a felony but was given a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor
sentence, the offense will be counted as a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor for purposes
of computing the criminal history score.”).
Notably, a person who is convicted of a new offense has the right to challenge a
prior felony sentence for purposes of calculating their criminal-history score on the new
offense. Strobel, 932 N.W.2d at 305-07 (analyzing challenge to the felony classification
of a prior offense when calculating the criminal-history score for a sentence on a new
9
conviction).4 If we adopted the state’s argument that a district court loses jurisdiction to
correct an unlawful sentence the moment that the sentence expires, an improperly classified
offense would remain on an individual’s record, but that same individual could challenge
that same improperly classified offense in future criminal proceedings to receive a correct
criminal-history score. Such an interpretation would lead to an absurd result, which we
must avoid. See State v. Moore, 10 N.W.3d 676, 682 (Minn. 2024).
Because we conclude that the district court properly exercised its subject matter
jurisdiction over the rule 27.03 motion, we now turn to the merits of Mason’s appeal.
II. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Mason’s motion.

Mason argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying his motion to
correct his sentence. Mason contends that his felony sentence was unlawful— and that it
should be corrected to a gross misdemeanor sentence—because he possessed the
methamphetamine in a single syringe, which constituted “one dosage unit.” We disagree.
A district court “may at any time correct a sentence not authorized by law.” Minn.
R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9. An unlawful sentence is one that is “contrary to law or
applicable statutes.” Reynolds v. State, 888 N.W.2d 125, 129 (Minn. 2016) (quotation
omitted). “We review a district court’s denial of a motion to correct a sentence under [rule
27.03] for an abuse of discretion.” Evans v. State, 880 N.W.2d 357 , 359 (Minn. 2016).
Under this standard, “ we review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and its

4 If, for example, Mason faced new criminal charges today, the felony sentence at issue—
which has undisputably expired—would add a point towards his criminal-history score
because a period of fifteen years has not yet elapsed since the date his sentence expired.
See Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.B.1.c(3) (Supp. 2023).
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factual findings” for clear error. Townsend v. State, 834 N.W.2d 736, 738 (Minn. 2013).
A defendant bears the burden of proof to demonstrate that a sentence was unlawful under
rule 27.03. Williams v. State, 910 N.W.2d 736, 742-43 (Minn. 2018).
Mason argues that the single syringe containing a controlled substance that he
possessed constituted, as a matter of law, “one dosage unit.” The term “dosage unit” is not
defined by the statute. In addition, the parties have not cited any cases—and we have found
none—that interpret section 152.025 to define the term. We, therefore, apply the principles
of statutory interpretation to discern the meaning of “dosage unit.”
“The object of all interpretation and construction of laws is to ascertain and
effectuate the intention of the legislature. Every law shall be construed, if possible, to give
effect to all its provisions.” Minn. Stat. § 645.16 (2022). Our first step in statutory
interpretation is to determine “whether the statute’s language is ambiguous.”
State v. Riggs, 865 N.W.2d 679, 682 (Minn. 2015). “If a statute is unambiguous, we apply
the statute’s plain meaning.” State v. Powers, 962 N.W.2d 853, 858 (Minn. 2021). “When
the words are not defined in the statute, we may look to dictionary definitions to determine
a term’s plain . . . meaning.” Id. (quotation omitted). To help identify the plain meaning,
we may also review usage of the term in other statutes. See State v. Hicks, 583 N.W.2d
757, 759 (Minn. App. 1998), rev. denied (Minn. Oct. 20, 1998).
The dictionary defines “dosage” as the “[a]dministration of a therapeutic agent in
prescribed amounts” or “[t]he amount so administered.” The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language 537 (5th ed. 2018). The dictionary defines “dose” as
the “specified quantity of a therapeutic agent, such as medicine, prescribed to be taken at
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one time.” Id. “Unit” is defined in the dictionary as “[a]n individual, group, structure, or
other entity regarded as an elementary structural or functional constituent of a whole,” id.
at 1894, or as “a single thing . . . that is a constituent of a whole, ” Mirriam-Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary 1369 (11th ed. 2014).
The term “dosage” as used in this statute, therefore, refers to the “quantity” or
“amount” of a drug that is administered for a user to take at one time. A “unit” is the
“single thing” that contains the drug that the user consumes. Depending on the
circumstances, the “single thing” (or “unit”) that contains the amount of the drug could be
in the form of a strip of paper, a pill or—as Mason argues —a syringe. 5
After defining the terms, we also ascertain that the word “dosage” necessarily
modifies the word “unit.” Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4(a); see also State v. Cooper ,
No. A12-0097, 2013 WL 776742, at *2 (Minn. App. Mar. 4, 2013) (interpreting “dosage
unit” under different controlled-substance statute and explaining that “‘dosage’ modifies
‘unit’”), rev. denied (May 29, 2013). 6 Mason’s argument that one syringe constitutes a
single “dosage unit” as a matter of law conflates the terms “dosage” and “unit.” But our
obligation is to read the statute in a manner that gives effect to all its terms.

5 Cases interpreting “dosage unit” for circumstances involving illegal drugs contained on
paper strips or in pills do not resolve the precise question before us that involves a drug in
a liquid form contained within a syringe. See State v. Anderson, 865 N.W.2d 712, 718
(Minn. App. 2015) (noting caselaw holding that one identifiable, single-use segment of a
paper strip saturated with LSD constituted one “dosage unit,” and caselaw holding that one
pill constituted one “dosage unit”).
6 We cite this nonprecedential opinion for its persuasive authority, Minn. R. Civ. App. P.
136.01, subd. 1(c), which provides insight as to how we have interpreted “dosage unit” in
a different statute. See Hicks, 583 N.W.2d at 759.
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Nelson v. Schlener, 859 N.W.2d 288, 294 (Minn. 2015). “When the Legislature uses
different words, we normally presume that those words have different meanings.” Id.
Mason’s contention that his sentence should be corrected to a misdemeanor because he
possessed the methamphetamine in a single “unit”—here the syringe —fails to account for
the different meaning of the term “dosage,” which looks to the amount of the substance to
be administered. But t o have his sentence corrected, Mason had the burden to prove that
he possessed the methamphetamine in one “unit” and that the one unit contained one
“dose.” Thus, we reject Mason’s argument that one syringe, as a matter of law, constitutes
“one dosage unit” because it fails to give effect to all of the terms in the statute.
We also decline Mason’s invitation to adopt a one-size-fits-all rule of law that
equates a single syringe to “one dosage unit” because the argument fails to account for the
variety of syringe sizes. Mason has provided no evidence that the syringe he possessed is
a universal size such that we could conclude, as a matter of law, that all syringes constitute
“one dosage unit.”7
Instead, based on the dictionary definitions of the relevant statutory terms, we hold
that the question of whether a syringe constitutes one dosage unit involves a fact -specific
inquiry. Resolving that factual question depends upon the size of the syringe, the amount
of drugs inside the syringe, and the individual user. In some circumstances, a single syringe

7 Similarly, Mason’s citations to a thesaurus published by the National Institute of Health’s
National Cancer Institute and a statute in the Minnesota Pharmacy Practice and Wholesale
Distribution Act do not support his argument that all syringes constitute “one dosage unit”
as a matter of law for purposes of section 152.025. The units in the cited thesaurus and
Pharmacy Act refer to drugs prescribed by a medical professional to a patient that are
measured in the appropriately sized syringe for the specific drug being administered.
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containing a controlled substance could— as Mason argues—constitute one dose. In other
circumstances, the amount or quantity of drugs inside a single syringe could constitute
several doses. A person may, for example, intend to inject one dose of the controlled
substance from the single syringe and then pass that same syringe to another person who
may inject another dose. In such a scenario, the drugs injected were contained in one
“unit,” but the “unit” held multiple doses.
Mason failed to meet his burden to prove that his sentence was unlawful because he
presented no evidence for this fact-specific inquiry. Mason did not demonstrate that the
full amount of drugs in the syringe constituted “one dosage unit.” As such, the district
court acted within its discretion by denying Mason’s rule 27.03 motion.
In addition, the district court did not clearly err by finding that the controlled
substance was more than 0.25 grams such that Mason properly received a felony sentence.
The district court correctly analyzed the issue under a weight theory of criminal liability
rather than using Mason’s proposed dosage-unit theory. Under a weight theory of liability,
the statute under which Mason was charged, convicted, and sentenced, provided that
possession of a controlled substance of more than 0.25 grams mandated a felony sentence.
Minn. Stat. § 152.025, subd. 4(a)(1). Because Mason’s straight plea admitted to possessing
a controlled substance under a weight theory —20 grams of methamphetamine (or more
than eighty times the statutory amount that required a felony sentence)—the district court
did not abuse its discretion by determining that Mason had not demonstrated that his
sentence was unlawful at the time that it was imposed.
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DECISION
Even though Mason’s sentence had expired, the district court had jurisdiction to
consider Mason’s motion to correct a sentence under rule 27.03 that sought to correct his
sentence by reclassifying it from a felony to a gross misdemeanor. However, because
Mason failed to meet his burden to establish that the controlled substance that he possessed
in the syringe constituted “one dosage unit,” we conclude the district court did not abuse
its discretion by denying his rule 27.03 motion.
Affirmed.