A24-1103 Precedential Denied Processed

In re Petition for Reinstatement of Herbert A. Igbanugo, a Minnesota Attorney, Registration No. 0191139

Minnesota Supreme Court · Filed April 1, 2026

Opinion text

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN SUPREME COURT

A24-1103

Original Jurisdiction Per Curiam

In re Petition for Reinstatement of Filed: April 1, 2026
Herbert A. Igbanugo, a Minnesota Attorney, Office of Appellate Courts
Registration No. 0191139.

________________________

Herbert A. Igbanugo, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pro se.

Susan M. Humiston, Director, Karin K. Ciano, Senior Assistant Director, Office of
Lawyers Professional Responsibility, Saint Paul, Minnesota, for respondent.

________________________

SYLLABUS

Based on our independent review of the record, the Lawyers Professional

Responsibility Board panel’s conclusion that petitioner has not met his burden of proving

moral change to practice law, as required for reinstatement, was not clearly erroneous.

Petition denied.

OPINION

PER CURIAM.

In April 2023, we indefinitely suspended petitioner Herbert A. Igbanugo from the

practice of law with no right to petition for reinstatement for 10 months. Igbanugo

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petitioned for reinstatement in July 2024. 1 A unanimous panel of the Lawyers Professional

Responsibility Board recommended against reinstatement, concluding that Igbanugo had

failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he had undergone the requisite moral

change. Igbanugo contests the panel’s findings, conclusions, and recommendation, and he

asserts that he should be reinstated. The Director of the Office of Lawyers Professional

Responsibility (the Director) agrees with the panel’s recommendation to deny

reinstatement.

We hold that the panel’s findings and conclusions are not clearly erroneous or

inconsistent with our case law. Based on our independent review of the record, we

conclude that Igbanugo has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he

underwent the moral change required for reinstatement. Accordingly, we deny his petition

for reinstatement.

FACTS

Igbanugo was admitted to practice law in 1988. In April 2023, we indefinitely

suspended Igbanugo with no right to petition for reinstatement for a minimum of

10 months. See In re Igbanugo (Igbanugo II), 989 N.W.2d 310, 317 (Minn. 2023). We

found that Igbanugo was responsible for 50 rule violations across seven client matters. Id.

at 316–17. The violations included neglecting client matters, failing to notify clients of

1
Later that same month, the Director of the Office of Lawyers Professional
Responsibility filed a new petition for disciplinary action against Igbanugo. Here, we
address only Igbanugo’s petition for reinstatement. Our decision regarding the new
disciplinary action against Igbanugo is addressed separately and independently from this
opinion on reinstatement. See In re Igbanugo, __ N.W.3d __, No. A24-1119 (Minn. Apr.
1, 2026).

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important updates, failing to explain legal issues, collecting unreasonable fees, collecting

improper availability fees, failing to issue or to promptly issue refunds of unearned fees,

failing to have measures to ensure lawyers and nonlawyers at his firm conformed with

professional obligations, and providing false and misleading information to clients. Id. at

316–21 (describing Igbanugo’s rule violations and misconduct in detail). 2

We highlight Igbanugo’s misconduct with respect to three of the client matters to

provide additional context that is relevant to our reinstatement analysis. We collectively

refer to the clients in those three matters as the Onofre clients. 3 The Onofre clients jointly

brought a lawsuit against Igbanugo and his firm, alleging malpractice, breach of contract,

and violation of the Minnesota Consumer Fraud Act—and they prevailed at trial

in 2017 (Onofre case). Id. at 318. The court of appeals affirmed, and we denied review.

Cedillo v. Igbanugo, No. A18-0860, 2019 WL 2168766, at *1 (Minn. App. May 20, 2019),

rev. denied (Minn. Aug. 20, 2019). 4 An attorney who represented the Onofre clients in the

Onofre case also filed an ethics complaint against Igbanugo with the Minnesota Office of

Lawyers Professional Responsibility (OLPR) on behalf of the Onofre clients, reporting the

2
Prior to his current suspension, Igbanugo had been disciplined four times. He had
received three admonitions and one 90-day suspension. See In re Igbanugo (Igbanugo I),
863 N.W.2d 751, 755 (Minn. 2015) (suspending Igbanugo for a minimum of 90 days).
3
In Igbanugo II we referred to the Onofre clients as “A.C-G., M.D., and O.O.C.”
989 N.W.2d at 317. But because the parties refer to the lawsuit brought by these clients
against Igbanugo as the Onofre case, we refer to the clients as the Onofre clients here.
4
Although the court of appeals’ case caption lists the matter brought by plaintiffs
Olimpia Onofre Cedillo, et al., as “Cedillo,” the record in this disciplinary proceeding
refers to the case as the Onofre case. To avoid confusion, we refer to this case as the Onofre
case.

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same misconduct alleged in the Onofre case. The misconduct described in that complaint

ultimately became part of the charges in Igbanugo II, which gave rise to the suspension for

which Igbanugo now seeks reinstatement. In other words, the misconduct at issue in the

Onofre case and a portion of the misconduct for which Igbanugo was suspended in

Igbanugo II are the same.

In 2021, Igbanugo filed a lawsuit in federal court against the attorneys for the Onofre

clients, alleging that the claims of misconduct in the Onofre case were false and were

instead based on the attorneys’ personal vendetta against Igbanugo. 5 The federal court

dismissed the lawsuit, determining that it was frivolous. 6 Igbanugo v. Minn. Off. of Laws.

Pro. Responsibility No. 21-CV-0105-PJS-HB, 2021 WL 5216904, Order at *6 (D. Minn.

filed Nov. 9, 2021).

In July 2024, Igbanugo filed a petition for reinstatement from the suspension we

imposed in Igbanugo II. A panel of the Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board held a

hearing at which Igbanugo testified and called four attorney friends as character witnesses.

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Igbanugo also sued the OLPR, the OLPR Director, OLPR staff attorneys, the
Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board (LPRB), the LPRB Chair, and an
LPRB member, alleging that the OLPR’s disciplinary proceedings violated his
constitutional rights.
6
Igbanugo’s federal lawsuit is the subject of a separate disciplinary action brought
by the Director against Igbanugo. See In re Igbanugo, __ N.W.3d __, No. A24-1119
(Minn. Apr. 1, 2026). To be clear, we consider Igbanugo’s petition for reinstatement
(related to his suspension in Igbanugo II) and the Director’s petition for disciplinary action
against Igbanugo (related to Igbanugo’s federal lawsuit) separately. We include this
description of the federal lawsuit here because, as discussed further below, the panel’s
recommendation relied in part on Igbanugo’s decision to challenge the Director’s separate
disciplinary petition.

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On January 17, 2025, the panel issued findings of fact and conclusions of law, and it

recommended that reinstatement be denied. The panel found that Igbanugo failed to

present clear and convincing evidence of moral change, resting its findings and conclusions

on the grounds that (1) Igbanugo did not demonstrate sufficient remorse and responsibility

for his misconduct; (2) Igbanugo did not demonstrate sufficient change in the conduct or

state of mind that led to his suspension; and (3) Igbanugo did not sufficiently demonstrate

a renewed commitment to the ethical practice of law.

Igbanugo ordered a transcript of the hearing and requests that we reinstate him to

the practice of law.

ANALYSIS

We are responsible for determining whether an attorney will be reinstated. In re

Kadrie, 602 N.W.2d 868, 870 (Minn. 1999). “We conduct an independent review of the

entire record; although we consider a panel’s recommendation, we are not bound by it.” In

re Tigue, 960 N.W.2d 694, 699 (Minn. 2021). When a petitioning attorney orders a

transcript of the panel’s hearing, we “uphold the panel’s factual findings if the findings are

supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous.” In re MacDonald, 994 N.W.2d

547, 551 (Minn. 2023). Factual findings are clearly erroneous if we are left with the

“definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Tigue, 960 N.W.2d at 699

(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

To be reinstated, an attorney must prove moral change, competence to practice law,

compliance with the conditions of suspension, and compliance with the requirements of

Rule 18, Rules on Lawyers Professional Responsibility (RLPR). See In re Selmer,

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19 N.W.3d 457, 468 (Minn. 2025). Because the key issue here is whether Igbanugo has

demonstrated moral change, we focus on that requirement.

Igbanugo must present “clear and convincing evidence” that he has undergone

moral change. Id. “Evidence of moral change must come from an observed record of

appropriate conduct and the petitioner’s state of mind and values.” In re Lieber,

834 N.W.2d 200, 204 (Minn. 2013).

To establish moral change, Igbanugo was required to “show [A] remorse and

acceptance of responsibility for the misconduct, [B] a change in [his] conduct and state of

mind that corrects the underlying misconduct that led to the suspension, and [C] a renewed

commitment to the ethical practice of law.” In re Mose (Mose V), 843 N.W.2d 570, 575

(Minn. 2014). The panel made detailed findings as to each of these factors and ultimately

determined that Igbanugo did not demonstrate the required moral change. Igbanugo

challenges the panel’s findings. We examine each factor in turn.

A.

First, we determine whether Igbanugo has proven “remorse and acceptance of

responsibility for [his] misconduct.” See id. “An attorney shows remorse and acceptance

of responsibility when the attorney expresses genuine regret and moral anguish for his or

her conduct and the effect it had on others.” Selmer, 19 N.W.3d at 477 (citation omitted)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “Genuine remorse exists when an attorney has

gradually come to realize the wrongfulness of his conduct and . . . has ceased blaming

others and taken full responsibility for his actions.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation

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omitted) (internal quotations marks omitted). Based on our review of the record, we agree

with the panel that Igbanugo has failed to meet his burden. 7

The panel noted that although Igbanugo has expressed remorse and testified that he

accepts responsibility, at the hearing before the panel, Igbanugo shifted blame for his

misconduct to his now-deceased law partner, attempted to distinguish his misconduct from

committing crimes such as shoplifting, and maintained that he had run his firm without

problems for years, minimizing his extensive disciplinary history. To the extent Igbanugo

disputes these findings, we hold that they have evidentiary support in the record and are

not clearly erroneous. Such testimony shows a lack of remorse and acceptance of

responsibility for his misconduct. See In re Holker, 765 N.W.2d 633, 638 (Minn. 2009)

(noting that the petitioner’s shifting of blame to others made his supposed acceptance of

responsibility less credible).

The panel further found that Igbanugo’s characterization of the Onofre case

indicated that he did not accept responsibility for the misconduct underlying his

representation of the Onofre clients. 8 The record supports these findings. We acknowledge

that Igbanugo testified at the reinstatement hearing that the Onofre case had merit and was

7
Although Igbanugo lists several of the panel’s findings regarding his lack of remorse
and acceptance of responsibility as clearly erroneous, he provides no substantive analysis
as to some of those findings. Where Igbanugo’s challenges consist of conclusory
statements unsupported by legal citation or record evidence, they are forfeited.
Igbanugo II, 989 N.W.2d at 321. We address the remainder of Igbanugo’s challenges in
this opinion.
8
As discussed above, the Onofre clients were the clients in three of the seven matters
for which Igbanugo was disciplined in Igbanugo II. The claims in the Onofre case were
based on some of the same conduct by Igbanugo as the charges in Igbanugo II.

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not “false.” But in his responses to the Director’s request for information (dated two and

half months before his reinstatement hearing), Igbanugo described the Onofre case as based

on the attorneys’ personal animus against him and brought to “harass and embarrass” him.

And in his briefing to this court, he similarly labeled the claims in the Onofre case as

“vicious and false accusations” and characterized the Onofre case as a “vendetta” brought

against him by an attorney in the Onofre case. Such language indicates that Igbanugo does

not view the Onofre case as a legitimate action based on his own misconduct,

demonstrating that he has not accepted responsibility for his misconduct in representing

the Onofre clients.

Igbanugo argues that the panel erred by improperly evaluating his mental state prior

to his reinstatement hearing, pointing to the panel’s finding that “[Igbanugo’s] submissions

to the [p]anel reflect that any change of heart on [Igbanugo’s] part, if it has occurred, is

very recent.” Igbanugo is correct that we evaluate moral change up to the date of the

reinstatement hearing and focus on the attorney’s mental state at the time of the hearing,

not at the time of suspension. See In re Dedefo, 781 N.W.2d 1, 11 (Minn. 2010) (explaining

that a panel erred when it “focused its inquiry on [the attorney’s] mental state and values

at the time of his suspension rather than at the time of his reinstatement proceedings”). But

the panel’s finding here is not inconsistent with Dedefo. In pointing out the changes in

Igbanugo’s statements, the panel was not erroneously focusing its analysis on Igbanugo’s

mental state at the time of his suspension. Rather, the panel appears to have been

addressing the credibility of Igbanugo’s contention that he accepted responsibility for his

actions by comparing that testimony to the responses he had submitted approximately two

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and a half months before the hearing. And the nature of those responses indicated that they

reflected his then-current beliefs about the Onofre case, not his beliefs at the time of his

suspension. Accordingly, the panel did not err in considering those responses because they

bore directly on Igbanugo’s “mental state and values at the time . . . of [the] reinstatement

proceedings.” Id.

The panel also did not credit Igbanugo’s purported apologies to his former clients

as evidence of his remorse. To the extent that Igbanugo challenges this finding and

contends that he has apologized to his clients, we reject his claim. Igbanugo points to his

cross-examination of witnesses at the evidentiary hearing in Igbanugo II, where he claims

that he apologized to his clients who were testifying. As the panel noted, we already

rejected these purported apologies in Igbanugo II. We explained that Igbanugo’s

statements “were not enough to be sincere” and noted that Igbanugo’s clients testified that

he never apologized to them. Igbanugo II, 989 N.W.3d at 331. And his purported

apologies are additionally inapposite here because we evaluate the attorney’s mental state

at the time of his reinstatement proceedings, not his suspension. See Dedefo, 781 N.W.2d

at 11. Although we acknowledge Igbanugo’s explanation to us that he has not subsequently

apologized to his clients because he did not believe they would welcome contact from him,

the panel’s decision not to credit Igbanugo’s purported apologies is not clearly erroneous

because it is supported by the record. Accordingly, Igbanugo’s purported apologies to his

clients at the disciplinary hearing in Igbanugo II are not evidence of his remorse.

Further supporting its conclusion that Igbanugo did not prove remorse and

acceptance of responsibility for his misconduct, the panel assigned limited weight to the

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testimony of his four character witnesses. The record demonstrates that the panel’s

findings regarding the character witnesses were not clearly erroneous. See Tigue,

960 N.W.2d at 703-04. Igbanugo’s witnesses generally offered minimal testimony about

Igbanugo’s misconduct, the impact of Igbanugo’s misconduct on his clients, or efforts by

Igbanugo to demonstrate remorse or acceptance of responsibility. Although Igbanugo’s

witnesses consistently testified that Igbanugo has become more humble and less angry

during his suspension, we agree that such testimony has limited bearing on whether

Igbanugo has demonstrated “genuine regret and moral anguish for his . . . conduct and the

effect it had on others.” See Selmer, 19 N.W.3d at 477.

After independently considering the record, we hold that the record supports the

panel’s finding that Igbanugo failed to present clear and convincing evidence of remorse

and acceptance of responsibility for his misconduct.

B.

Second, we determine whether Igbanugo has proven “a change in [his] conduct and

state of mind that corrects the underlying misconduct that led to the suspension.” In re

Stockman, 896 N.W.2d 851, 859 (Minn. 2017) (alteration in original) (citation omitted)

(internal quotation marks omitted). The record supports the panel’s finding that Igbanugo

did not establish a change in his conduct and state of mind.

Although the panel found that Igbanugo had implemented new practices to avoid

improper fees and recognized the need to communicate clearly with clients, the panel

concluded that Igbanugo failed to prove a change in his state of mind regarding his

dishonest conduct. The panel found that Igbanugo and his witnesses failed to provide

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testimony or evidence as to how Igbanugo has changed the dishonest conduct that led to

his suspension. The panel observed that Igbanugo and his witnesses instead attributed

Igbanugo’s previous misconduct to client misunderstandings or Igbanugo’s “excessive

optimism” about results he wanted to, but could not, provide. These findings are consistent

with the record, and we agree that they support a finding that Igbanugo did not meet his

burden to show a sufficient change in conduct and state of mind.

In response, Igbanugo points to his personal growth and faith as evidence of changes

in his conduct and state of mind. He challenges the panel’s finding that he had been

“personally dishonest” with clients, arguing that none of his ethical violations in

Igbanugo II arose from his dishonesty. We will overturn a panel’s factual finding only if

we are left with a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Tigue,

960 N.W.2d at 699 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). But we see no

mistake in the panel’s finding here. Seven of Igbanugo’s fifty rule violations in

Igbanugo II were violations of Rule 8.4(c), which prohibits “conduct involving dishonesty,

fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation.” See Minn. R. Prof. Conduct 8.4(c); Igbanugo II,

989 N.W.2d at 320 n.5. Igbanugo’s Rule 8.4(c) violations involved false statements to

clients, which “ ‘is misconduct of the highest order’ ” because “ ‘[h]onesty and integrity

are chief among the virtues the public has a right to expect of lawyers.’ ” See Igbanugo II,

989 N.W.2d at 329 (quoting In re Ruffenach, 486 N.W.2d 387, 391 (Minn. 1992)).

Accordingly, Igbanugo’s current contention that none of his violations in Igbanugo II arose

from his dishonesty is unfounded and further shows that he has failed to acknowledge the

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underlying dishonest conduct that led to his suspension, let alone prove a change in his

state of mind regarding his dishonest conduct.

The panel did not clearly err in finding that Igbanugo has failed to establish a change

in his state of mind concerning his dishonest conduct. To the contrary, our review of the

record shows that it clearly supports this finding.

C.

Third, and finally, we examine whether Igbanugo has proven a “renewed

commitment to the ethical practice of law.” See Mose V, 843 N.W.2d at 575. “[A]n

attorney’s plan to return to the practice of law or implement systems to avoid future

misconduct are factors that may be relevant to whether an attorney has shown a renewed

commitment to the ethical practice of law.” In re Severson, 923 N.W.2d 23, 32 (Minn.

2019).

The panel found that Igbanugo has not demonstrated a renewed commitment to the

ethical practice of law. This finding was largely based on Igbanugo’s choice to challenge

the Director’s new disciplinary proceedings arising out of his frivolous federal lawsuit. We

agree with Igbanugo, however, that we should not consider his choice to challenge that

separate disciplinary action in our analysis here. And we note that Igbanugo has shown

that his law firm has implemented several promising operational improvements to avoid

future similar misconduct. Additionally, Igbanugo’s law partner allowed Igbanugo to work

for the firm as a paralegal and case manager after his suspension and has committed to

welcoming Igbanugo back to practice upon his reinstatement. This support from his law

partner provides evidence that Igbanugo is trusted to ethically practice law. See In re

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Trombley, 947 N.W.2d 242, 249 (Minn. 2020) (holding that support from the attorney’s

employer to return to work after reinstatement provides strong evidence that the attorney

is trusted to ethically practice law). But even if we were to determine that Igbanugo has

demonstrated a renewed commitment to the ethical practice of law, that determination

would be insufficient to overcome our other determinations that Igbanugo has failed to

show remorse and acceptance of responsibility and that he has also failed to demonstrate a

change in his conduct and state of mind. See In re Klotz, 996 N.W.2d 165, 169 (Minn.

2023) (explaining that to prove moral change, a lawyer must show remorse and acceptance

of responsibility; a change in conduct and state of mind; and a renewed commitment to the

ethical practice of law). We therefore hold that Igbanugo has not shown by clear and

convincing evidence that he has undergone the necessary moral change for reinstatement.

* * *

Igbanugo bears the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he meets

all of the requirements for reinstatement to the practice of law. Because we conclude that

Igbanugo has not shown that he has undergone the requisite moral change, we deny his

petition for reinstatement from the suspension we imposed in Igbanugo II, and we need not

address the other requirements for reinstatement.

Petition denied.

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