Admire Benga, et al., Individually and as Parents and Natural Guardians of Adriel Benga, a Minor, Appellants,

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A25-0526

Admire Benga, et al.,
Individually and as Parents and Natural Guardians
of Adriel Benga, a Minor,
Appellants,

vs.

Allina Health System,
Respondent.

Filed March 30, 2026
Reversed and remanded
Reyes, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-CV-23-12912

Christopher Kuhlman, Kuhlman Law, LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellants)

Aaron D. Van Oort, Jeffrey P. Justman, Josiah D. Young, Paige K. Haller, Faegre Drinker
Biddle & Reath, LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and

Carolin J. Nearing, Larson • King, LLP, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Charles A. Bird, Grant M. Borgen, Bird, Stevens & Borgen, PC, Rochester, Minnesota;
and

Raoul Shah, Robins Kaplan, LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for a micus curiae Minnesota
Association for Justice)

Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Harris, Judge; and Bond, Judge.

2
NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
REYES, Judge
Appellants challenge the district court’s exclusion of expert testimony under
Minnesota Rule of Evidence 702 and the entry of summary judgment for respondent. We
reverse and remand.
FACTS
The events surrounding the injury of Adriel Benga (child) form the basis of the
medical-malpractice action underlying this appeal. The action was brought on child’s
behalf by his parents, appellants Admire Benga (mother) and Andrew Benga (father). The
facts described in this opinion are based on the allegations in the complaint and the
evidence in the record.
Early one morning in November 2020, mother arrived at a hospital of respondent
Allina Health System experiencing contractions. The hospital admitted mother, and by
9:40 a.m., mother entered the second stage of labor and began pushing. Thirty minutes
later, when child’s head was near crowning, obstetrician Dr. Casey Sprague arrived to
assist with the delivery. Dr. Sprague noted in mother’s medical record that “crowning was
slow and arduous and lasted approximately 1 [hour],” so Dr. Sprague “prepared for the
potential of a shoulder dystocia” by having another medical professional ready to assist if
needed.
1 Dr. Sprague did not disclose the potential for a shoulder dystocia to mother or
offer alternative delivery options, such as a cesarean section.

1 During a vaginal delivery, a shoulder dystocia occurs when the “newborn’s shoulder
[becomes] stuck in the birth canal behind parts of the [birthing parent’s] anatomy.” Lawrey
3
When child’s head, but not his shoulders, delivered, Dr. Sprague “called” a shoulder
dystocia and alerted the nursing station of a need for assistance. Dr. Sprague attempted
two maneuvers to dislodge child’s shoulder, but they were unsuccessful. She then applied
traction to child’s head, noting in the medical record that “downward pressure on the fetal
head was placed to dislodge the anterior shoulder. This was successful. The right, anterior
arm delivered first. Shoulder dystocia lasted 60 seconds.” The medical record also
described the pressure applied to child’s head as “downward steady traction.” In total, one
hour elapsed between Dr. Sprague’s arrival and child’s birth.
Upon delivery, it was discovered that child had suffered a brachial plexus injury to
the right side of his body.2 Child has since undergone several surgical procedures for this
injury. Child’s injury is permanent and severe, involving damage to the roots of all five of
child’s brachial plexus nerves. Two nerve roots ruptured, meaning they were stretched
until they broke, and one or two nerve roots avulsed, meaning they detached completely
from child’s spinal cord. See, e.g., Yong Juan Zhao ex rel. Zhao v. United States, 411 F.
Supp. 3d 413, 425 (S.D. Ill. 2019) (discussing types of nerve injuries), aff’d sub nom. Zhao
v. United States, 963 F.3d 692 (7th Cir. 2020). The mobility of child’s right shoulder, arm,

v. Good Samaritan Hosp., 751 F.3d 947, 949 (8th Cir. 2014); see also Stedman’s Medical
Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing 1535 (7th ed. 2012) (defining “shoulder
dystocia” as “[a]rrest of normal labor after delivery of the head by impaction of the anterior
shoulder against the symphysis pubis”).
2 A “brachial plexus injury” is “[d]amage to the brachial plexus related to delivery;
associated with excessive lateral stretching of the head, typically in cases of shoulder
dystocia or breech deliveries.” Stedman’s Medical, supra, at 236. The “brachial plexus”
is “[a] complex web of spinal nerves arising from the cervical spine.” Id. During a
shoulder dystocia, “[t]hese nerves can stretch or tear while the newborn’s shoulder is
becoming dislodged.” Lawrey, 751 F.3d at 949.
4
wrist, and hand is permanently impaired. His right arm is, and will be, shorter and smaller
than his left arm.
In 2023, the Bengas filed suit against Allina, claiming in relevant part that
Dr. Sprague (1) violated the applicable standard of care by failing to obtain informed
consent from mother upon ascertaining the risk of a shoulder dystocia and (2) caused
child’s brachial plexus injury by applying improper traction to child’s head.
The parties entered into evidence literature about brachial-plexus injuries as well as
birth and labor management. They also engaged expert witnesses. At issue on appeal is
the opinion testimony of the Bengas’ expert witnesses.
The Bengas’ Expert Witnesses
The Bengas engaged obstetrician Dr. Albert Phillips to testify about standards of
care, violation of those standards of care, and causation.
In an affidavit, Dr. Phillips discussed both informed consent and the application of
traction to child’s head. He opined that the standard of care required Dr. Sprague, after
recognizing the potential for a shoulder dystocia, to “advise the patient of the risks of
vaginal delivery and the delivery options in light of the progress of labor.” He also opined
that the standard of care required Dr. Sprague to avoid applying excessive or lateral
downward traction to child’s head in response to the shoulder dystocia. He deduced that
Dr. Sprague violated these standards of care and that those violations caused child’s
brachial plexus injury. Dr. Phillips opined that a brachial plexus injury as severe as that
sustained by child could only have resulted from application of excessive or lateral traction
5
on child’s head by Dr. Sprague during labor and could not have resulted solely from, as
Allina argued, “the endogenous forces of labor.”3
The Bengas engaged a second expert witness, pediatric orthopedic surgeon Dr. Scott
Kozin, to testify about causation and damages. A focus of both Dr. Kozin’s practice and
his research is children with brachial-plexus injuries.
Motions to Exclude Dr. Phillips’s Testimony and for Summary Judgment
Allina moved to exclude the testimony of Dr. Phillips , arguing that his opinions
lacked foundational reliability under Minnesota Rule of Evidence 702. Allina did not move
to exclude the testimony of Dr. Kozin. Allina moved separately for summary judgment,
arguing that, if the district court agreed that Dr. Phillips’s testimony was inadmissible, the
Bengas would lack the expert testimony necessary to establish their claim.
District Court Order
The district court granted both of Allina’ s motions. It found that Dr. Phillips’ s
informed-consent opinion lacked foundational reliability under rule 702 because no
evidence indicated that a cesarean section was a medically accepted alternative or that
mother would have consented to a cesarean section. It found that his traction-related
opinion also lacked foundational reliability because he “presented only conjecture” that
Dr. Sprague used improper traction during the delivery which caused child’s injury.

3 According to exhibits submitted by Allina, the endogenous forces of labor are the body’s
own contractions and pushing efforts that drive the birthing process. These forces can
increase pressure on a newborn’s shoulder if that shoulder becomes lodged behind a part
of the birthing parent’s anatomy.
6
The district court also determined sua sponte that Dr. Kozin was unqualified under
rule 702 to testify on the issue of causation because “he is not an obstetrician and is not
qualified to make such an opinion.”
Without expert testimony to establish the Bengas’ medical-malpractice claim, the
district court entered summary judgment for Allina.
This appeal follows.
DECISION
I. The district court abused its discretion by excluding the testimony of the
Bengas’ expert witnesses under Minnesota Rule of Evidence 702.

The Bengas argue that the district court abused its discretion by (A) “weigh[ing]
evidence and decid[ing] material facts ” when analyzing the foundational reliability of
Dr. Phillips’s testimony and (B) determining that Dr. Kozin was unqualified to opine on
the issue of causation because he was not an obstetrician. We agree that the district court
abused its discretion by excluding both experts’ testimony, but on different grounds.
To establish a prima face case of medical malpractice “a plaintiff must typically
introduce expert testimony demonstrating: (1) the standard of care in the medical
community applicable to the particular defendant’s conduct; (2) that the defendant departed
from the standard of care; and (3) that the departure from the standard of care directly
caused the plaintiff’s injury.” Becker v. Mayo Found., 737 N.W.2d 200, 216 (Minn. 2007).
All three of these elements present questions of fact for the fact-finder. See id. (standard
of care); Harju v. Allen, 177 N.W. 1015, 1016 (Minn. 1920) (departure from standard of
7
care); Rygwall, as Tr. for Rygwall v. ACR Homes, Inc., 6 N.W.3d 416, 429-30 (Minn. 2024)
(causation).
The district court determined that the opinions of the Bengas’ expert witnesses were
inadmissible under rule 702 for lack of foundational reliability and lack of qualifications
to offer an opinion. We review a district court’s determination of the admissibility of expert
testimony for an abuse of discretion. Pfeiffer v. Allina Health Sys., 851 N.W.2d 626, 638
(Minn. App. 2014), rev. denied (Minn. Oct. 14, 2014). 4 “A district court abuses its
discretion by making findings of fact that are unsupported by the evidence, misapplying
the law, or delivering a decision that is against logic and the facts on record.” Bender v.
Bernhard, 971 N.W.2d 257, 262 (Minn. 2022) (quotation omitted).
A. The district court abused its discretion by excluding all testimony of
Dr. Phillips for lack of foundational reliability under rule 702.

The Bengas argue that the district court abused its discretion by excluding
Dr. Phillips’s testimony on informed consent and causation for lack of foundational
reliability.
To be foundationally reliable, an expert opinion must have an adequate factual
foundation. See Kedrowski v. Lycoming Engines, 933 N.W.2d 45, 56 (Minn. 2019). An
adequate factual foundation requires (1) inclusion of the facts and data relied upon in

4 The Bengas argue that, when deciding a motion to exclude expert testimony, a district
court must view “all facts and inferences regarding [their] expert witnesses’ testimony, and
the support for it, . . . in the light most favorable to [them] as the non-moving party.” The
Bengas provide no legal authority to support this contention, so we decline to consider it.
See In re Civ. Commitment of Kropp, 895 N.W.2d 647, 653 (Minn. App. 2017) (“Minnesota
appellate courts decline to reach an issue in the absence of adequate briefing.”), rev. denied
(Minn. June 20, 2017).
8
forming the opinion; (2) explanation of the basis for the opinion ; and (3) evidentiary
support for any fact assumed by the expert in forming the opinion. Cf. id. (providing
characteristics of inadequate factual foundation). “The opinion need only be based on
enough facts to form a reasonable opinion that is not based on speculation or conjecture. ”
Mattick v. Hy-Vee Foods Stores, 898 N.W.2d 616, 621 (Minn. 2017) (quotation omitted).
“It is well established that an opinion of a medical expert witness based on an adequate
factual foundation is not conjecture, and the expert is permitted to make legitimate
inferences, which have probative value in determining disputed fact questions.” Blatz v.
Allina Health Sys., 622 N.W.2d 376, 387 (Minn. App. 2001), rev. denied (Minn. May 16,
2001).
The district court’s foundational-reliability analysis must not invade the realm of
the fact-finder by assessing witness credibility or weighing evidence. See Pfeiffer, 851
N.W.2d at 638-39 (stating that “the weight and credibility to be given to” a party’s expert
witness “should be decided by a finder- of-fact and not by the district court”) . “Alleged
deficiencies in an expert’s factual basis go more to the weight of the expert’s opinion than
to its admissibility.” Kedrowski, 933 N.W.2d at 60 (quotation omitted). Any alleged
deficiency in the factual basis “is properly the subject of a detailed cross-examination and
argument to the [fact-finder], rather than a foundational-reliability determination.”
Kedrowski, 933 N.W.2d at 60-61. When determining the admissibility of an expert
opinion, the district court must read the opinion “as a whole,” rather than view its
statements in isolation. See Demgen v. Fairview Hosp., 621 N.W.2d 259, 262-63 (Minn.
App. 2001), rev. denied (Minn. Apr. 17, 2001).
9
1. The district court abused its discretion by excluding Dr. Phillips’s
informed-consent testimony.

The doctrine of informed consent5 imposes liability “only for failure to secure the
patient’s informed consent to treatment which results in harm which the patient would have
avoided by declining the treatment or by choosing an alternative treatment.” Madsen, 431
N.W.2d at 861. “As distinguished from a cause of action for negligent treatment, the role
of expert testimony in establishing a prima facie case [under the doctrine of informed
consent] is not as prominent.” Reinhardt v. Colton, 337 N.W.2d 88, 96 (Minn. 1983).
Expert testimony is needed here only to establish that (1) “a risk in fact exists,” (2) “it is
accepted medical practice to know of that risk ,” and (3) “it is more probable than not that
the undisclosed risk did materialize in harm.” Id.
The Bengas allege that Dr. Sprague violated the standard of care because, when she
identified the possibility of a shoulder dystocia, Dr. Sprague did not inform mother of that
possibility, the risks associated with proceeding with a vaginal delivery, or the alternative
delivery options available to mother.
The Bengas pleaded that Dr. Sprague had obligations related to both “risk” and
“alternative treatment plans.” Dr. Phillips opined on the same obligations. Allina moved
to exclude Dr. Phillips’s informed-consent opinion only with respect to cesarean sections

5 We note that caselaw varyingly refers to this doctrine as “informed consent” or “negligent
nondisclosure.” See, e.g., Madsen v. Park Nicollet Med. Ctr., 431 N.W.2d 855, 861 (Minn.
1988) (referring to cause of action as “informed consent/negligent nondisclosure”); see
also 4A Minnesota Practice, CIVJIG 80.25 (2014) (combining informed consent and
negligent nondisclosure for jury instructions). For consistency, we use the term “informed
consent.”
10
as one “alternative treatment.” It argued that Dr. Phillips failed to provide a foundationally
reliable opinion that a cesarean section was a “medically accepted” alternative treatment
plan. The district court agreed, concluding that, “[a]bsent evidence that a [cesarean
section] is a medically accepted alternative, or that [mother] would have consented to a
[cesarean section], Dr. Phillips’s opinion lacks foundational reliability.”
Allina and the district court state that, to survive a motion to exclude an expert
opinion for lack of foundational reliability, the informed-consent testimony must establish
the existence of a “medically accepted” alternative treatment plan. But they cite cases that
do not concern a motion to exclude expert testimony. See generally Pratt by Pratt v. Univ.
of Minn. Affiliated Hosps. & Clinics, 414 N.W.2d 399 (Minn. 1987); Kalsbeck v. Westview
Clinic, P.A., 375 N.W.2d 861 (Minn. App. 1985), rev. denied (Minn. Dec. 30, 1985). The
cases addressed whether the informed-consent doctrine provided causes of action based on
a physician’s failure “to disclose risks concerning conditions not diagnosed,” Pratt , 414
N.W.2d at 400, 402, or a physician’s failure to disclose “additional treatments” rather than
alternative methods of treatment, Kalsbeck, 375 N.W.2d at 869.
This case is different. The Bengas pleaded long-accepted theories of liability under
the doctrine of informed consent: “fail[ure] to inform the patient of a significant risk of
treatment” and “fail[ure] to inform the patient . . . of an alternative treatment.” Cornfeldt
v. Tongen, 262 N.W.2d 684, 702 (Minn. 1977). We conclude that legal authority does not
support exclusion of Dr. Phillips’s expert opinion on “medical acceptance” grounds in
these circumstances.
11
Dr. Phillips opined that a risk of shoulder dystocia accompanies vaginal deliveries
in circumstances like those of mother and that a cesarean section, as an alternative option,
existed. His opinion cited literature describing the cesarean -section decision as case -
specific.6 Even further, the “risk” part of Dr. Phillips ’s opinion went unchallenged by
Allina’s motion and unaddressed by the district court’s decision.
As for the district court’s statement about what mother would have done, it
implicates no informed -consent element that requires expert testimony. Dr. Phillips was
not required to opine on what mother would have done. Cf. Reinhardt, 337 N.W.2d at 96.
(omitting from list of elements requiring expert testimony “demonstrate[ion] that a
reasonable person in the plaintiff’s position would have refused the treatment had [they]
been informed of the undisclosed risk” (quotation omitted)).
We conclude that the district court abused its discretion by excluding Dr. Phillips’s
informed-consent testimony.
2. The district court abused its discretion by excluding Dr. Phillips’s
traction-related testimony on causation.

To establish causation, a medical-malpractice plaintiff must introduce expert
testimony showing “that it is more likely than not that the defendant’s conduct was a
substantial factor in bringing about the [injury].” Rygwall, 6 N.W.3d at 429 (quotation
omitted); Cornfeldt v. Tongen, 295 N.W.2d 638, 640 (Minn. 1980) (requiring that medical-
malpractice plaintiff, to avoid directed verdict, “introduce expert medical testimony” about

6 Moreover, at least one article in the record notes that “cesarean [section] does appear to
reduce the risk for [neonatal brachial plexus palsy],” a brachial plexus injury.
12
causation). A finding of causation may not rely on “mere speculation or conjecture,” but
it may rely on reasonable inferences. Rygwall, 6 N.W.3d at 430. The expert witness “may
well testify to various possibilities but express as [the expert’s] opinion that the probability
rests with one of them.” Bernloehr v. Cent. Livestock Ord. Buying Co., 208 N.W.2d 753,
755 (Minn. 1973). Causation generally presents “an issue of fact for the jury to decide.”
Rygwall, 6 N.W.3d at 429-30.
The Bengas allege that Dr. Sprague caused child’s injuries when she “improperly
utilized excessive and/or lateral traction to dislodge [child’s] shoulder.” The district court
determined that Dr. Phillips’s traction-related opinion lacked foundational reliability,
describing the opinion as conjectural.
First, the district court explained that “although the medical records suggest that
Dr. Sprague used downward traction to dislodge [child’s] shoulder, there is no evidence
that this traction was either excessive or lateral.” This reasoning relies on a misapplication
of law. See Bender, 971 N.W.2d at 262. Dr. Phillips was permitted to make reasonable
inferences from the evidence for his opinion. See Blatz, 622 N.W.2d at 387 (“[T]he expert
is permitted to make legitimate inferences, which have probative value in determining
disputed fact questions.”); Reinhardt, 337 N.W.2d at 95 (stating that medical-malpractice
plaintiff “may establish [their] claim” with defendant-physician’s testimony if direct
admission may be reasonably inferred from that testimony). Dr. Phillips stated that his
causation opinion relie d “on the description of [Dr. Sprague’s] actions in the medical
record” and the “ knowledge deficits evidenced in her deposition testimony,” including
notes in the medical record about the pressure Dr. Sprague applied to child’s head;
13
Dr. Sprague’s incorrect testimony “that downward pressure can be used to dislodge and
deliver [child’s] shoulder”; Dr. Sprague’s testimony that she was unfamiliar with axial
traction, which, compared to lateral traction, is less likely to cause brachial plexus injuries;
and Dr. Sprague’s testimony that she did not have a “gauge” to know how hard she should
push on a newborn’s head, stating instead that “it’s a feel.” Based on this evidence,
Dr. Phillips drew a reasonable inference that Dr. Sprague used improper excessive or
lateral downward traction.
Second, the district court reasoned that Dr. Phillips failed to “reliably exclude other
possible causes” of child’s injury. This is contrary to the record. See Bender, 971 N.W.2d
at 262. The record shows that Dr. Phillips’s opinion directly addressed the other proposed
cause of child’s injury, the endogenous forces of labor. He cited literature in support of his
opinion that inappropriate application of traction, on its own, can cause brachial plexus
injuries. Dr. Phillips also referenced Allina ’s motion to exclude his testimony, in which
Allina conceded that serious brachial plexus injury can be caused by improper traction.
The source Allina cited for the statement likewise provides that “downward lateral traction
applied by the birth attendant” may cause brachial plexus injuries.7

7 Another source cited in Allina’s motion to exclude Dr. Phillips’s testimony noted that
“[d]ownward lateral traction (i.e., bending the neck away from the anterior shoulder and
toward the posterior shoulder) causes increased stretching of the brachial plexus compared
with downward axial traction (i.e., applying force parallel to the fetal spine).” Yet another
source stated: “Evidence from cadaver studies suggests that lateral and downward traction,
and rapidly applied traction, are more likely to cause nerve avulsion.” In support, it cited
a Swedish study in which “downward traction on the fetal head was strongly associated
with obstetric [brachial plexus injury] and had been employed in all cases of residual
[brachial plexus injury] at 18 months old.” That source concluded that “downward traction
on the fetal head should be avoided in the management of all births.”
14
We conclude that the district court abused its discretion by excluding Dr. Phillips’s
traction-related testimony because its determination relied on a misapplication of law and
was contrary to the record.
B. The district court abused its discretion by excluding Dr. Kozin’s
causation testimony for lack of qualifications under rule 702.

The Bengas challenge the district court ’s determination that Dr. Kozin was
unqualified under rule 702 to opine on causation. We review “determinations of expert
witness qualifications” for an abuse of discretion. Goeb v. Tharaldson, 615 N.W.2d 800,
815 (Minn. 2000).
The district court provided a one-sentence explanation for its sua sponte decision to
exclude Dr. Kozin’s testimony: “To the extent that Dr. Kozin is offering any opinion
regarding causation, he is not an obstetrician and is not qualified to make such an opinion.”
This reasoning contradicts caselaw. See Koch v. Mork Clinic, P.A., 540 N.W.2d 526, 529
(Minn. App. 1995), rev. denied (Minn. Jan. 12, 1996). “[A] medical expert need not have
a specialty, experience, or a position identical to a medical defendant.” Id. It is undisputed
that Dr. Kozin’s research and his practice as a pediatric orthopedic surgeon substantially
involves children with brachial plexus injuries. We conclude that the district court
misapplied the law, thereby abusing its discretion, when it excluded Dr. Kozin’s causation
opinion only because he is not an obstetrician.
8

8 The district court’s understanding of law, which Allina endorses on appeal, would
necessarily result in the exclusion of one of Allina’s expert witnesses as well: Michele
Grimm, Ph.D. Allina refers to Grimm as a biomedical engineer and does not argue that
she is a medical doctor, let alone an obstetrician.
15
Because we conclude that the district court abused its discretion by excluding the
expert testimony of Dr. Phillips and Dr. Kozin, we reverse those decisions.
II. The district court erred by entering summary judgment for Allina.

The Bengas also argue that the district court erred by granting Allina ’s motion for
summary judgment. We agree.
Appellate courts review de novo a district court’s entry of summary judgment.
Rygwall, 6 N.W.3d at 427. “[S]ummary judgment is only proper if no genuine issue of
material fact exists. A genuine issue of material fact exists when reasonable minds can
draw different conclusions from the evidence presented.” Id. (citation omitted).
The district court entered summary judgment for Allina because it determined that,
after excluding Dr. Phillips’s and Dr. Kozin’s expert opinions, the Bengas lacked the
required expert testimony for their medical -malpractice claim. See McDonough v. Allina
Health Sys., 685 N.W.2d 688, 697 (Minn. App. 2004) (“ The failure to provide such
admissible expert testimony results in the failure to establish an essential element of that
party’s case, and the moving party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law.”).
The district court did not enter summary judgment for Allina on any other ground. Because
we have reversed the district court’s exclusion of the opinions of the Bengas’ expert
witnesses, we also reverse the entry of summary judgment for Allina and remand for further
proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.