State of Minnesota v. Sarah Jean Mona Dubinsky

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A22-1819

State of Minnesota,
Respondent,

vs.

Sarah Jean Mona Dubinsky,
Appellant.

Filed November 13, 2023
Affirmed
Hooten, Judge *

Dakota County District Court
File No. 19HA-CR-21-701

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Kathryn M. Keena, Dakota County Attorney, Heather D. Pipenhagen, Assistant County
Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Julie L. Nelson, Assistant Public
Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant).

Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Bjorkman, Judge; and

Hooten, Judge.

* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to

Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
 NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION

HOOTEN, Judge

In this direct appeal from the judgment of conviction for receiving stolen property,

appellant Sarah Jean Mona Dubinsky argues that the district court erred in denying her

motion to suppress evidence on the basis that the police unlawfully seized her by opening

her truck door without a reasonable, articulable suspicion of wrongdoing. Because the

opening of the truck door did not constitute a seizure, and the responding officer had a

reasonable, articulable suspicion of wrongdoing when he later asked Dubinsky to step out

of the vehicle, we affirm.

FACTS

On July 14, 2020, officers were dispatched to investigate a report of a suspicious

vehicle parked in the area of Kressin Avenue in Mendota Heights. The responding officer

located the suspicious vehicle, a Ford truck, and drove past it. The officer then aired the

license plate to police dispatch, made a U-turn, and stopped behind the truck. The officer

did not turn on the emergency lights or sirens and did not block the truck in any way that

would prevent the truck from leaving. The officer exited his squad car and approached the

driver’s side of the truck. The officer did not draw his gun during the approach, yell, or

give any commands or orders. As the officer approached the truck, another officer aired

over the radio dispatch to “hold the air.” 1 A “hold the air” call indicates that the vehicle

may be stolen, the registered owner may have a warrant, or there may be an alert on the

1 “Holdthe air” is a law enforcement request made for all other units to refrain from
communicating over the radio.

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truck for violence against police officers. Due to the “hold the air” call, the officer believed

something could be dangerous with the vehicle. The officer proceeded to make contact

with the individual in the truck, Dubinsky, and opened the front driver’s side door. 2

During the conversation with Dubinsky, the officer learned from dispatch over the

police radio that the truck was reported stolen. The officer then asked Dubinsky to step

out of the truck. Another responding officer placed Dubinsky under arrest.

The state charged Dubinsky with receiving stolen property for being in possession

of a stolen motor vehicle valued at less than $1,000. 3 Dubinsky filed a motion to suppress

all evidence, arguing that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to seize her.

Ruling from the bench at a contested omnibus hearing after hearing testimony from

the officer, the district court denied the suppression motion, finding that the officer “had a

reasonable, articulable basis to approach the vehicle” to ask the driver who she was and

why she was there to ascertain whether she required assistance. After learning that the

vehicle was stolen, the officer had a reason to ask her to exit the vehicle to ensure that she

did not flee. The district court also found that the officer’s testimony regarding the incident

was “believable and credible.”

Dubinsky stipulated to the prosecution’s case to preserve appellate review of the

district court’s ruling on her motion to suppress evidence, pursuant to Minn. R. Crim. P.

2 It is unclear whether the officer opened the door or requested Dubinsky open the door,

but the district court found that, in either case, Dubinsky did not voluntarily open the door.
3 Minn. Stat. § 609.53 subd. 1 (2020); Minn. Stat. § 609.52. subd. 3(3)(d)(v) (2020).

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26.01, subd. 4. The district court found Dubinsky guilty, entered judgment of conviction,

and stayed imposition of sentence. This appeal followed.

DECISION

Dubinsky challenges the district court’s denial of her motion to suppress evidence

of the truck. She argues that a seizure occurred when the officer opened the truck door,

and that the officer did not have reasonable suspicion to seize her at that moment.

“When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence,

we review the district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard and the

district court’s legal determinations de novo.” State v. Gauster, 752 N.W.2d 496, 502

(Minn. 2008) (citation and quotation omitted). “Findings of fact are clearly erroneous if,

on the entire evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake

occurred.” State v. Anderson, 784 N.W.2d 320, 334 (Minn. 2010). “When facts are not in

dispute . . . we review a pretrial order on a motion to suppress de novo and determine

whether the police articulated an adequate basis for the search or seizure at issue.” State v.

Williams, 794 N.W.2d 867, 871 (Minn. 2011) (quotation omitted).

I. The officer did not seize Dubinsky when he opened her truck door.

The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and article 1, section 10 of the

Minnesota Constitution, prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures. Generally,

warrantless searches and seizures are unreasonable under both the state and federal

constitutions unless a recognized warrant exception applies. Coolidge v. New Hampshire,

403 U.S. 443, 474 (1971); State v. Ortega, 770 N.W.2d 145, 149 (Minn. 2009).

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 Not every encounter between police and an individual constitutes a seizure. State

v. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d 388, 390 (Minn. 1995). Police questioning, by itself, is unlikely to

result in a seizure. I.N.S. v. Delgado, 466 U.S. 210, 216-17 (1984); Florida v. Royer, 460

U.S. 491, 497-98 (1983). “[A] seizure occurs when the officer, by means of physical force

or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen.” State v. Klamar,

823 N.W.2d 687, 692 (Minn. App. 2012) (quotation omitted). Further, a person is

considered seized by police if, considering all of the circumstances, a reasonable person

would not feel free to disregard police questions or end the encounter. 4 State v. Harris,

590 N.W.2d 90, 98 (Minn. 1999).

Although a seizure generally occurs when a police officer stops a vehicle, Whren v.

United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10 (1996), the Minnesota Supreme Court has held that

“it does not by itself constitute a seizure for an officer to simply walk up and talk to a

person standing in a public place or to a driver sitting in an already stopped car.” State v.

Vohnoutka, 292 N.W.2d 756, 757 (Minn. 1980); see also Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 98 (“A

person generally is not seized merely because a police officer approaches him in a public

place or in a parked car and begins to ask questions.”). When evaluating whether police

have seized an individual, this court reviews the totality of the circumstances for factors

that may indicate a seizure occurred, including the threatening presence of several officers,

the display of a weapon by an officer, some physical touching of the person of the citizen,

4 This is an objective standard. Cripps, 533 N.W.2d at 391. The subjective intention of
the officer involved is inconsequential in determining whether a seizure has taken place.
See Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567, 575 n. 7 (1988); see also State v. Everett, 472
N.W.2d 864, 867 (Minn. 1991).

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or the use of language or tone of voice indicating that compliance with the officer’s request

might be compelled. In re Welfare of E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d 779, 781 (Minn. 1993) (citing

United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)). In the absence of some

affirmative display of authority, otherwise inoffensive contact between a member of the

public and the police cannot, as a matter of law, amount to a seizure of that

person. Id. (quoting Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 555).

Dubinsky argues that she was seized when the responding officer walked up to the

truck and opened the driver’s side door. This argument is not persuasive. Approaching

and contacting an individual in an already stopped car does not constitute a seizure absent

some affirmative display of authority. Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 98; E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d at

781. Without such a display of authority, otherwise inoffensive contact cannot, as a matter

of law, amount to a seizure. E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d at 781; Overvig v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety,

730 N.W.2d 789, 792-93 (Minn. App. 2007) (holding that the act of opening a car door, by

itself, does not amount to a seizure). While Dubinsky suggests that a seizure occurs when

police engage in conduct with a citizen beyond the bounds of normal citizen-to-citizen

interaction, this suggestion misconstrues the applicable caselaw which provides only that

such a situation means a seizure is “likely.” State v. Day, 461 N.W.2d 404, 407 (Minn.

App. 1990). As such, even if the officer’s opening of the truck door was an action that

moves beyond the bounds of normal citizen-to-citizen interaction, that alone does not mean

a seizure has occurred.

The facts, as found by the district court, establish that the officer did not block

Dubinsky’s truck, turn on his lights or sirens, or make any show of authority during his

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approach to the vehicle. Absent any show of authority, the officer’s action of opening the

truck door is the kind of “otherwise inoffensive contact” that cannot, as a matter of law,

amount to a seizure. E.D.J., 502 N.W.2d at 781 (quotation omitted).

Additionally, the opening of a vehicle door by an officer without any accompanying

show of authority would not communicate to a reasonable person that the officer was

attempting to seize the person. A reasonable person under the circumstances would not

have felt seized and would assume that the officer was not doing anything other than

checking to see what was going on and to offer help if needed. See State v. Hanson, 504

N.W.2d 219, 220 (Minn. 1993) (discussing a similar question in the context of emergency

vehicle lights). As such, Dubinsky was not seized when the officer opened the truck door.

II. The officer had reasonable, articulable suspicion of wrongdoing when he asked
Dubinsky to step out of the truck.

This court has found a show of authority sufficient to constitute a seizure where

officers asked a person to exit a parked vehicle and approach the officer. Klamar, 823

N.W.2d at 692-93 (citing Day, 461 N.W.2d at 407). Such a warrantless seizure must be

supported by “a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” State v.

Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (citations omitted). There is a reasonable,

articulable suspicion if “the police officer [is] able to point to specific and articulable facts

which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that

intrusion.” Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968). The standard for reasonable suspicion is

“not high,” requiring “something more than an unarticulated hunch, that the officer must

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be able to point to something that objectively supports the suspicion at issue.” State v.

Bourke, 718 N.W.2d 922, 927 (Minn. 2006) (quotations omitted).

This court undertakes a de novo review to determine whether a search or seizure is

justified by reasonable suspicion and, in doing so, accepts the district court’s factual

findings unless they are clearly erroneous. State v. Hunter, 857 N.W.2d 537, 543 (Minn.

App. 2014). Additionally, “[d]eference must be given to the district court’s credibility

determinations.” Klamar, 823 N.W.2d at 691; see also State v. Moore, 438 N.W.2d 101,

108 (Minn. 1989) (stating that “[t]he weight and credibility of the testimony of individual

witnesses” is for the fact-finder to determine).

Here, Dubinsky was seized when the officer asked her to step out of the truck

because that request was a sufficient show of authority, and a reasonable person would not

have felt free to end the encounter after that request. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d at 692-93

(citing Day, 461 N.W.2d at 407); Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 98.

That seizure was also supported by reasonable, articulable suspicion of wrongdoing.

The officer testified that he was notified of the stolen status of the truck during his

conversation with Dubinsky prior to asking her to step out of the vehicle. 5 The information

provided to the officer objectively supports the suspicion that Dubinsky was involved in

wrongdoing, and that information constitutes more than an unarticulated hunch.

Bourke, 718 N.W.2d at 927.

5 The district court found the officer’s testimony believable and credible and, without
evidence suggesting the district court’s credibility finding was clearly erroneous, this court
must defer to that determination. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d at 691.

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 Accordingly, Dubinsky was seized at the time the officer asked her to step out of

the vehicle and the facts, as determined by the district court, establish that the officer had

a reasonable, articulable suspicion of wrongdoing at that time to justify the seizure.

Therefore, the district court did not err by denying Dubinsky’s motion to suppress.

III. Even if Dubinsky was unlawfully seized, there are no grounds for suppression.

The state also raises an alternative argument of inevitable discovery in favor of

affirming the district court. A respondent can raise alternative arguments on appeal in

defense of the underlying decision when there are sufficient facts in the record, there is

legal support for the arguments, and the alternative grounds would not expand the relief

previously granted. State v. Grunig, 660 N.W.2d 134, 137 (Minn. 2003). Because those

conditions are satisfied here, we consider the state’s alternative argument of inevitable

discovery.

The exclusionary rule has traditionally barred evidence that is obtained either during

or as a direct result of an unlawful invasion. See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471,

485-86 (1963). The inevitable-discovery doctrine functions as an exception to this rule

and applies when officers possess lawful means of discovery and are, in fact, pursuing

those lawful means prior to their illegal conduct. State v. Barajas, 817 N.W.2d 204, 219

(Minn. App. 2012); see also State v. Warndahl, 436 N.W.2d 770, 776 (Minn. 1989)

(holding that Minnesota courts consider, among other factors, intervening circumstances

and whether evidence would have been obtained in the absence of illegality in determining

whether evidence is “fruit of the poisonous tree”); Harris, 590 N.W.2d at 105 (“We

recognize an exception to this general rule, however, when the police would have obtained

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the evidence if no misconduct had taken place.”) (quotation omitted). This exception must

be established by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 849

(Minn. 2011).

The totality of the circumstances shows, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

all evidence related to the truck would have been discovered even if Dubinsky was not

seized. The officer testified that he aired the truck’s license plate number to dispatch before

parking behind the truck. The airing of the license plate to dispatch constitutes a lawful

means of investigation that was being pursued prior to the officer’s contact with Dubinsky.

As such, law enforcement was already lawfully pursuing evidence related to the truck prior

to any contact with Dubinsky, and that evidence would have been discovered whether or

not the officer made contact with Dubinsky.

Ultimately, the officer had already lawfully begun pursuing evidence of the stolen

truck due to his preliminary airing of the license plate to dispatch, placing that evidence

within the inevitable discovery exception.

Affirmed.

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