In the Matter of the Welfare of the Child of: T. B. and D. E., Parents

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A25-0592

In the Matter of the Welfare of the Child of: T. B. and D. E., Parents.

Filed October 13, 2025
Affirmed
Connolly, Judge

St. Louis County District Court
File No. 69DU-JV-24-239

Benjamin Kaasa, Benjamin Kassa Law Office, PLLC, Duluth, Minnesota (for appellant
mother)

Kimberly J. Maki, St. Louis County Attorney, Jennifer J. Barry, Assistant County Attorney,
Duluth, Minnesota (for respondent county)

D. E., Superior, Wisconsin (pro se respondent/father)

Angela Sonsalla, Perham, Minnesota (for GAL)

Considered and decided by Harris, Presiding Judge; Connolly, Judge; and Schmidt,

Judge.

NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION

CONNOLLY, Judge

Appellant challenges the termination of her parental rights, arguing that the record

does not support the district court’s rulings that (1) reasonable efforts failed to correct the

conditions leading to her child’s out-of-home placement, (2) the child was neglected and

in foster care, (3) the county made reasonable efforts to reunite the family, and (4)

termination of appellant’s parental rights was in the child’s best interests. We affirm.
 FACTS

Appellant T.B., then 17, gave birth to V.N. on July 8, 2023. V.N. was placed out of

appellant’s care on August 14, 2023, because appellant smoked marijuana outside the

shelter to which she and V.N. had been taken. They were then asked to leave the shelter.

V.N., now 27 months old, has been in foster care since then. On August 18, 2023,

respondent St. Louis County Public Health and Human Services (SLCPHHS) filed a

petition to have V.N. adjudicated as a Child in Need of Protection or Services (CHIPS).

V.N. was adjudicated as CHIPS on May 14, 2024. On July 1, 2024, SLCPHHS filed a

permanency petition for the termination of parental rights of appellant and D.E., V.N.’s

biological father.1

Following a five-day court trial between December 2, 2024, and January 24, 2025,

at which appellant and ten witnesses testified, the district court issued an extensive and

well written order that terminated appellant’s parental rights. This appeal follows.

DECISION

Appellant challenges the district court’s termination of her parental rights, arguing

that the district court abused its discretion because the record does not support the district

court’s determinations that: (1) reasonable efforts failed to correct the conditions leading

to the child’s out-of-home placement, (2) the county made reasonable efforts to reunite the

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D.E. voluntarily terminated his parental rights to V.N. at the trial and takes no part in this
appeal.

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family, (3) the child was neglected and in foster care, and (4) termination of appellant’s

parental rights was in the child’s best interests.

[Appellate courts] review an order [involuntarily] terminating
parental rights to determine whether the district court’s
findings (1) address the statutory criteria and (2) are supported
by substantial evidence. [Appellate courts] must closely
inquire into the sufficiency of the evidence to determine
whether it was clear and convincing. Ultimately, however,
[appellate courts] review the factual findings for clear error and
[whether a] statutory basis [to involuntarily terminate parental
rights exists] for abuse of discretion. A finding is clearly
erroneous if it is manifestly contrary to the weight of the
evidence or not reasonably supported by the evidence as a
whole. An abuse of discretion occurs if the district court
improperly applied the law.

In re Welfare of Child of J.K.T., 814 N.W.2d 76, 87 (Minn. App. 2012) (citations and

quotations omitted). Appellate courts “apply an abuse-of-discretion standard of review to

a district court’s conclusion that termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interests.”

In re Welfare of Child of A.M.C., 920 N.W.2d 648, 657 (Minn. App. 2018). On appeal,

“[c]onsiderable deference is due to the district court’s decision because a district court is

in a superior position to assess the credibility of witnesses.” In re Welfare of L.A.F., 554

N.W.2d 393, 396 (Minn. 1996).

I. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4) (2024)

The district court may terminate parental rights to a child if it finds “that following

the child’s placement out of the home, reasonable efforts, under the direction of the court,

have failed to correct the conditions leading to the child’s placement.” Minn. Stat.

§ 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4). It is presumed that reasonable efforts have failed upon a

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showing that: (1) if the child is under age eight, the child has resided out of the parental

home under court order for six months, (2) the district court has approved the out-of-home

placement plan, (3) conditions leading to the out-of-home placement have not been

corrected upon a showing that the parent has not substantially complied with the court’s

orders and a reasonable case plan,2 and (4) reasonable efforts have been made by the social

services agency to rehabilitate the parent and reunite the family. Id.

Appellant does not dispute that the first two criteria have been met, but she argues

that she “made sufficient efforts to complete her case plan, which renders a termination

under [the statute] erroneous.” But “[a] parent’s substantial compliance with a case plan

may not be enough to avoid termination of parental rights when the record contains clear

and convincing evidence supporting termination.” J.K.T., 814 N.W.2d at 89.

The record includes testimony from three social workers: M.J., T.C., and A.L. M.J.

testified that she received a report of people drinking alcohol and partying in appellant’s

hospital room after V.N.’s birth and had concerns about appellant’s ability to understand

caring for a baby. M.J. arranged a plan in which appellant and V.N. would stay at

appellant’s brother’s residence. But appellant was asked in early August to leave her

brother’s residence with V.N. Although she told M.J. where she would allegedly be going,

she went somewhere else. M.J. testified that she found appellant and V.N., then a month

old, in a situation with a police standoff and an individual with a weapon; appellant was

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Appellant does not argue that the case plan, which addressed mental health, criminal
activity and domestic violence, substance abuse, and visits to correct the conditions leading
to the out-of-home placement, was unreasonable.

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refusing to follow police instructions to leave with V.N. Appellant and V.N. were taken to

a shelter, but appellant was immediately asked to leave because she, then a minor, smoked

marijuana outside the shelter. M.J. testified that V.N. was removed from appellant’s care

because of appellant’s inability to care for V.N. and lack of concern for V.N.’s safety.

A.L. had been appellant’s social worker since 2018, when appellant was 13. A.L.

testified that appellant had been in 11 different placements, left placements when she did

not like them, had no relatives with whom she could safely reside, was sexually abused in

a foster placement when she was 14, and had been reported as a runaway. A.L. also

testified that appellant had been in therapy but failed to attend and was discharged

unsuccessfully and that a letter from V.N.’s doctor showed appellant acted inappropriately

during a visit and the doctor would decline to provide V.N.’s care if that behavior

continued. A.L. was concerned about appellant’s ability to meet her own needs, her

tendency to put herself into dangerous situations, her housing stability, and her mental

health.

T.C. was assigned to appellant’s case file in August 2023. She testified that

appellant’s compliance with the case plan was “fair to poor”; that appellant did not attend

appointments and was discharged for lack of attendance and participation; and that

appellant displayed a lack of impulse control, escalated interactions with professionals and

other people, and could not foresee the consequences of her decisions.

T.C. also testified concerning appellant’s use of chemicals. She said appellant used

cannabis for anxiety, but was not old enough to use it legally or to obtain a cannabis

prescription; that appellant did not believe her alcohol use was a problem; and that

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appellant’s compliance with the sobriety requirement of her case plan has been poor, since

she appeared for only 19 out of at least 79 urinalysis appointments and tested positive for

substances not legal for her at all of them. T.C. testified further about appellant’s potential

methamphetamine use and her presence during sales of heroin and fentanyl, despite the

case plan’s prohibition of the use of such substances.

T.C.’s testimony included appellant’s involvement with law enforcement. T.C.

testified that one condition of appellant’s reunification with V.N. was remaining law-

abiding because appellant had participated in incidents of violence towards a police officer,

one of which, between the first and second days of the trial, involved alcohol and the use

of knives; in another incident, appellant had to be detained in handcuffs, she physically

fought with police, and she attempted to destroy a body-worn camera.

The district court found all three social workers’ testimony to be credible. Appellant

has not shown substantial compliance with her case plan, and even if she had, that fact

would not preclude termination. See A.M.C., 920 N.W.2d at 657.

II. Reasonable Efforts

Appellant argues that, although the district court noted that 27 different services had

been engaged in making reasonable efforts to reunify appellant and V.N., it did not address

how those services were culturally appropriate or realistic. Appellant relies on In re

Welfare of Chosa, 290 N.W.2d 766, 769 (Minn. 1980) (vacating an order of termination of

the parental rights of a juvenile mother and remanding for further proceedings). But Chosa

is distinguishable. In that case, the child was four years old and had remained with the

mother for 16 months before being removed from her care, while V.N. is 27 months old

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and was with appellant for less than six weeks before she was removed. The supreme court

also noted that the Chosa child’s placement with a relative had failed and he had been

removed to a shelter home, so his life had been disrupted, and concluded that reversing the

termination would “add little more to the disruption of [the child’s] life than [was] presently

occurring.” Id.

This is not the case here. V.N.’s Guardian ad Litem (GAL), C.H., testified that she

does not know if V.N. understands that appellant is her mother or an important person in

her life and that V.N. is not attached to appellant in the way that a child should be attached

to a parent. Moreover, C.H. was concerned about appellant’s emotional control issues,

parental capacity, and ongoing contact with law enforcement. C.H. recommended that

appellant’s parental rights be terminated.

Appellant does not specify why the efforts made by SLCPHHS and the 27 services

were culturally inappropriate or unrealistic. She claims it was “reversible error for the

[d]istrict [c]ourt to not explain how the services were culturally appropriate or realistic,”

but cites no legal support for her view that a district court is required to explain how the

services were culturally appropriate and realistic when it found that the services were

reasonable. Moreover, appellant could have moved the district court for amended findings

on this point, but did not do so.

III. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(7) (2024)

Minn. Stat § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(7), sets out several criteria for a child to be

determined neglected and in foster care, and the district court made findings on all those

relevant to appellant’s situation. Appellant challenges and seeks reversal only of “any

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findings relative to Child being neglected and in foster care.” Specifically, she challenges

the finding that:

It is unclear from the record whether [appellant] had made any
visits with the child in the three months before the filing of the
[p]etition [i.e., during April, May, and June 2024]. The
evidence makes reference to numerous times that visits were
suspended because they were missed, but also appears to
indicate that occasional supervised visits did occur.

Appellant argues that the record shows that she visited V.N. on October 21 and November

11, 2024, but these visits were not “in the three months before the filing of the [p]etition”

on July 1, 2024. Appellant admits that V.N. has been in foster care since August 14, 2023.

The district court made extensive findings as to appellant’s visitations with V.N.,

based on the testimony of various witnesses. These included a finding based on the

testimony of Dr. A.M., a forensic psychologist, that appellant had not been compliant with

regard to missed parenting visits and a finding based on the testimony of A.L. that appellant

wanted to be with other people during her visits with V.N., that she would be engaged for

short periods of time during the visits, and that her attendance became an issue, which

resulted in appellant not bonding with V.N. or getting used to taking care of her. Six

findings were based on the testimony of T.C.: (1) appellant did not follow through on

V.N.’s medical appointments and canceled some of the recommended appointments; (2)

appellant’s only overnight visit with V.N. involved appellant not remaining where she had

said she would be and V.N. smelling of marijuana when she was returned; (3) appellant

often failed to appear for visits, which were eventually suspended; (4) appellant did not

progress to unsupervised visits because unsupervised visits would not have been safe due

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to appellant’s mental health status; (5) appellant missed more than half of the scheduled

visits; and (6) visits were suspended after appellant missed four consecutive visits. Two

more findings were based on the testimony of C.H.: appellant had missed 38 scheduled

visits, only four of which were due to V.N.’s illness, and there was a negative impact on

V.N. when she spent 40 minutes in a car to visit appellant and appellant did not show up.

The district court’s determination that V.N. was neglected and in foster care is well-

supported by the record and was not an abuse of discretion.

IV. Best Interests

A district court must weigh the best interests of both the parent and the child in

maintaining the parent-child relationship against any competing interest of the child in

terminating parental rights. In re Welfare of Child of K.S.F., 823 N.W.2d 656, 668 (Minn.

App. 2012); see Minn. R. Juv. Prot. P. 58.04(c)(2)(ii). When the district court rules that a

statutory basis to terminate parental rights exists and the interests of parent and child

conflict, the interests of the child are paramount. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 7 (2024).

The district court found that, although appellant “testified credibly that she loves

[V.N.] and very much wants [V.N.] returned to her care,” V.N. had been in out-of-home

placement for “nearly all of her life,” appellant’s “lack of engagement with visits has

resulted in [her] being a near stranger to [V.N.],” and it was appellant’s “refusal to engage

with the case plan and demonstrate the consistency required to safely parent a child that

caused her visits to remain supervised and then suspended, not the failure of the service

providers and [the] Agency to make reasonable efforts.” The record supports these

findings. Appellant objects to them on the ground that no qualified professional testified

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about bonding and V.N.’s best interests. But V.N.’s GAL and the social workers all

testified that appellant had not engaged in visiting or in building a relationship with V.N.

The district court’s conclusion that terminating appellant’s parental rights was in V.N.’s

best interests was not an abuse of discretion.

Affirmed.

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