Re: Declaring a Negative Need for an Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Living Word Bible Camp Project.

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A13-1153
A13-1157

Re: Declaring a Negative Need for an
Environmental Impact Statement for the
Proposed Living Word Bible Camp Project.

Filed July 21, 2014
Affirmed
Larkin, Judge

Itasca County Board of Commissioners

G. Craig Howse, Jeffrey C. Thompson, Jacob R. Grassel, Howse & Thompson, P.A.,
Plymouth, Minnesota (for respondent Living Word Bible Camp)

Paul D. Reuvers, Iverson Reuvers Condon, Bloomington, Minnesota (for respondent
Itasca County)

James P. Peters, James P. Peters PLLC, Glenwood, Minnesota (for relator Brown, et al.)

John H. Erickson, Erickson Law Offices, PLLC, Brainerd, Minnesota (for relator
Newton)

Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Stauber,

Judge.

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

LARKIN, Judge

In these consolidated appeals, relators challenge respondent-county’s issuance of a

negative declaration on the need for an environmental-impact statement (EIS) regarding
respondent-organization’s proposal to build a bible camp and retreat on Deer Lake in

Itasca County. Because the county did not legally err in conducting its environmental

review, and because the negative declaration is supported by substantial evidence, we

affirm.

FACTS

Nature of the proposed project

In September 2000, respondent Living Word Bible Camp (LWBC) purchased

approximately 253 acres of land on the eastern shore of Deer Lake, hoping to build and

operate a summer bible camp and retreat center on the property. As proposed by LWBC,

the camp will be clustered on 5.72 acres of the property. The project will include a lodge

with a chapel, meeting space, commercial kitchen, and dining room; an activity building;

an office building; five dormitory cabins; a storm shelter; a boathouse; a storage building;

parking; a gazebo and trail system; an existing beach and dock; and one additional dock.

The project is planned to accommodate a maximum overnight capacity of 150 people and

will operate primarily as a youth camp during summer months, but the center may also

host adult retreats during other months.

Environmental concerns regarding the project

From its inception, the LWBC project has prompted numerous environmental

concerns. A predominant concern is the potential for disturbance of area wildlife,

particularly in Kocemba Bay, which borders the northerly portion of LWBC’s property

and encompasses several islands that are part of the Balsam-Deer Islands Wildlife

Management Area. Deer Lake is one of approximately 40 Minnesota Lakes with a

2
naturally reproducing and self-sustaining muskellunge population, and Kocemba Bay has

been identified as an important spawning and nursery area for those fish. The south end

of Kocemba Bay begins near the northern boundary of the LWBC property and is about

560 feet north of and around two points from LWBC’s proposed beach and boat dock

area. Project opponents are concerned that activities at the camp will disturb the

spawning area.

A second predominant concern is the potential for degradation of Deer Lake’s

water quality as a result of phosphorus loading from the project. Deer Lake is an

oligotrophic lake, which means that it is low in nutrients including, as pertinent here,

phosphorus. Generally speaking, increases in phosphorus levels lead to an increase in

algae, decreases in lake transparency and oxygen levels, and reduction of favorable

habitat for aquatic organisms. Potential sources of phosphorus inputs to Deer Lake

include septic systems, surface-water runoff, and disturbance of the lake bottom. Project

opponents are concerned that the construction and operation of the camp will adversely

impact phosphorus levels in Deer Lake.

Procedural history

After purchasing the property, LWBC sought rezoning to allow for the operation

of a camp on the property. Newton v. Cnty. of Itasca, No. A05-879, 2006 WL 771719, at

*1 (Minn. App. Mar. 28, 2006), review denied (Minn. June 20, 2006). The Itasca County

Board of Commissioners denied appellant’s rezoning application without findings;

LWBC sought declaratory judgment in district court, which reversed and remanded the

zoning determination; and this court affirmed the district court. Living Word Bible Camp

3
v. Cnty. of Itasca, No. A03-385, 2003 WL 22890070, at *1 (Minn. App. Dec. 9, 2003).

On remand, the board voted to approve the rezoning request, and two neighboring

landowners sought declaratory judgment in district court, which reversed the approval as

arbitrary and capricious. Newton, 2006 WL 771719, at *2. But this court reversed the

district court, holding that the county’s approval of the rezoning request was not arbitrary

or capricious. Id. at *5-6.

After the property was rezoned, LWBC sought a conditional-use permit (CUP)

and planned-unit-development permit (PUD) to allow construction of the camp facilities.

In re Applications of Living Word Bible Camp, No. A06-1374, 2008 WL 2245708, at *1

(Minn. App. June 3, 2008). Neighboring landowners submitted a petition requesting

preparation of an environmental-assessment worksheet (EAW) pursuant to Minn. Stat.

§116D.04, subd. 2a(c) (2012). The county, as the responsible governmental unit (RGU),

determined that an EAW was not necessary and granted the CUP and PUD. Applications

of LWBC, 2008 WL 2245708, at *1. Neighboring landowners sought declaratory

judgment from the district court,1 which determined that an EAW was necessary for the

project but nevertheless affirmed the grant of the CUP and PUD. Id. at *3. This court

affirmed the district court’s determination that an EAW was required, reversed the

approval of the CUP and PUD as premature, and remanded for further proceedings. Id.

1
Before a 2011 legislative amendment providing for direct appeal to this court,
environmental-review decisions were subject to challenge through a declaratory
judgment action in the district court. Compare Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 10 (2010)
with Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 10 (2012); see also 2011 Minn. Laws. ch. 4 § 8, at 60.

4
 On remand, the county prepared an EAW, took public comments, and issued a

positive declaration on the need for an EIS. Living Word Bible Camp v. Cnty. of Itasca,

No. A12-281, 2012 WL 4052868, at *1 (Minn. App. Sept. 17, 2012), review denied

(Minn. Nov. 27, 2012). LWBC sought declaratory judgment from the district court that

the positive declaration was arbitrary and capricious based on the biased conduct of one

county commissioner. Id. at *3. The district court granted declaratory judgment

reversing the positive declaration and remanding for preparation of a new EAW without

the participation of that commissioner. Id. at *4. The district court also recommended

that the county refer the matter to a different RGU if possible. Id. Project opponents

appealed; this court affirmed the district court order, and the Minnesota Supreme Court

denied review. Id. at *1, *9.

Proceedings underlying this appeal

In 2013, after being notified by the Environmental Quality Board (EQB) that it

would remain the RGU for the project, the county began the EAW process anew. LWBC

submitted a draft EAW, prepared by consultant Westwood Professional Services, to the

county on March 18, 2013. The county’s environmental-services administrator, Don

Dewey, reviewed the EAW, made some edits, and presented it to the county board of

commissioners on March 19. Each of the commissioners reviewed the draft EAW, and

the board voted to accept the document as accurate and complete on March 21. The

EAW was published in the EQB Monitor on April 1, which commenced a 30-day public-

comment period.

5
 The county received 55 written comments during the public-comment period. The

county also held a public meeting on April 25, at which it received oral comments from

five individuals. Of the 55 written comments, four were from the following

governmental agencies: the Department of the Army (Army Corps of Engineers), the

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the Minnesota Pollution Control

Agency (MPCA), and the Itasca County Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD).

None of the agencies took the position that an EIS was required, although both the DNR

and the MPCA sought additional information regarding the project.

In connection with preparing responses to the comments received, county officials,

including Dewey, exchanged e-mails and met with officials from the DNR, which had

offered to assist the county in assessing the need for an EIS in a letter submitted in

response to the first EAW completed by the county in 2010. In that 2010 letter, the DNR

had expressed its opinion that “[i]n general, more details are necessary to understand if

there are potentially significant environment[al] effects from this proposal.” The DNR

sought more specific information regarding the nature of the project, including the

number of people that would be on the grounds at any given time, the anticipated

phosphorus loading from surface-water runoff, results of soil and groundwater tests to

determine whether past uses of the property posed environmental concerns, delineation of

the ordinary high water line (OHWL), and more specific identification of the mitigation

measures that could be taken to alleviate potential environmental effects. The DNR

concluded that “[t]here is a need to further describe various environmental effects from

the project and identify specific mitigation measures that could be included as

6
requirements of project permitting to minimize negative environmental effects. The

DNR would be willing to meet to address any questions you may have.”

On April 23, 2013, during the public-comment period, DNR officials met with

county staff and LWBC representatives. On April 29, the DNR submitted a public-

comment letter. In this 2013 letter, the DNR stated that while some of its concerns had

been addressed in the 2013 EAW, others had remained outstanding; that many of those

outstanding concerns were answered during the April 23 meeting; that “[a]dequate

written responses to all of our comments will ensure they have been sufficiently

answered”; and that the DNR was willing to review a draft version of the responses. The

DNR noted that the 2013 EAW did not delineate the OHWL; explain whether elevated

levels of phosphorus indicated in soil and groundwater tests were normal for the area;

identify specific mitigation measures for the protection of the Kocemba Bay area; or

indicate a replacement site for the septic drain field. The DNR also clarified some

statements made in the EAW and appendices. The DNR concluded:

The new information provided in the document as well as the
information from our meeting on April 23, 2013, is a positive
step toward understanding project details and minimizing the
overall impacts. Providing documented responses to our
concerns will help ensure the issues have been adequately
addressed. The DNR is willing to assist you in this task.

As the DNR invited it to do, the county circulated its draft responses to comments

by e-mail to DNR officials, who suggested edits to the responses.2 Ultimately, on

2
In their reply briefs, relators complain that the county did not disclose e-mail
correspondence between county staff and DNR representatives until the administrative
record was filed with the court after relators’ principal briefs were due. But it appears

7
May 20, the DNR sent a letter indicating that it had reviewed the responses to the

comments on the LWBC EAW and that “[o]ur questions regarding this project have been

adequately addressed.”3

The county board met on May 28 to consider whether to issue a positive or

negative declaration on the need for an EIS in relation to the LWBC project. Dewey

recommended a negative declaration and presented proposed responses to comments,

findings of fact, and record of decision for the board’s approval. The county

commissioners held a discussion on the record during which they expressed their beliefs

that the project will not cause significant environmental impacts. At least two of the

commissioners relied to some degree on the fact that the government agencies that had

commented, including the DNR, had not urged the need for an EIS. The board

unanimously voted to issue a negative declaration and to adopt the responses to

comments, proposed findings, and record of decision.

This appeal follows.

DECISION

The Minnesota Environmental Policy Act (MEPA), Minn. Stat. §§ 116D.01-.11

(2012), “requires that governmental agencies contemplating taking action (e.g., issuing a

that relators had access to these materials in preparing their principal briefs, which
include pinpoint cites to the DNR correspondence in the administrative record.
3
The county, through Westwood, also sought confirmation from the MPCA that the
county had adequately addressed the concerns raised in MPCA’s public-comment letter.
The county did not hear back from the MPCA until May 31, when the MPCA confirmed
that the responses “adequately addressed” its comments. Because the county issued the
negative declaration on May 28, the MPCA e-mail is not part of the record on appeal.

8
conditional use permit) on a proposed project must first consider the project’s

environmental consequences.” Citizens Advocating Responsible Dev. v. Kandiyohi Cnty.

Bd. of Comm’rs, 713 N.W.2d 817, 823 (Minn. 2006) (“CARD”). MEPA “primarily

operate[s] by requiring administrative agencies to take a ‘hard look’ at the environmental

consequences of governmental action, without imposing substantive requirements.”

Minn. Ctr. for Envtl. Advocacy v. Minn. Pollution Control Agency, 644 N.W.2d 457, 468

(Minn. 2002) (“MCEA”) (quotation omitted); see also No. Power Line, Inc. v. Minn.

Envtl. Quality Council, 262 N.W.2d 312, 327 (Minn. 1977) (stating that purpose of

MEPA is “to force agencies to make their own impartial evaluation of environmental

considerations before reaching their decisions”).

Environmental review in Minnesota is governed not only by MEPA, but also by

rules adopted by the EQB. Minn. R. 4410.1000-.3100 (2011). The legislature has

conferred broad rulemaking authority on the EQB, requiring it to promulgate rules

governing particular procedures and “any additional rules which are reasonably necessary

to carry out the requirements of” environmental review under MEPA. Minn. Stat.

§ 116D.04, subd. 5a (authorizing EQB to adopt rules implementing MEPA). Rules

adopted by the EQB pursuant to this statutory authority have “the force and effect of

law.” Minn. Stat. § 14.38, subd. 1 (2012). In addition to its rules, the EQB has published

EAW Guidelines to assist RGUs like the county in administering the environmental-

review process. See EAW Guidelines,

http://www.eqb.state.mn.us/documents/EAW%20guidelines%202013%20revision.pdf

(2013). Although they do not have the force and effect of law, these guidelines provide

9
useful guidance and are entitled to deference from this court. See Lemmerman v. ETA

Systems, Inc., 458 N.W.2d 431, 433 (Minn. App. 1990) (“We will defer to an agency’s

interpretation of its own statutes unless such interpretation is in conflict with the express

purpose of the statutes and the legislature’s intent.”).

Environmental review under Minnesota law has two possible stages: the EAW and

the EIS. Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 2a. An EAW is “a brief document which is

designed to set out the basic facts necessary to determine whether an [EIS] is required for

a proposed action.” Id., subd. 1a(c). “An EIS is an exhaustive environmental review that

the party proposing the project must conduct at its own expense.” CARD, 713 N.W.2d at

824; see also Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 2a (describing contents of EIS).

In this case, an EAW was compelled by a citizen petition. See Minn. Stat.

§ 116D.04, subd. 2a(c). Citizen petitions for EAWs are submitted to the EQB, which

designates an RGU to determine whether an EAW is necessary and, if so, prepare the

EAW. Id. Once prepared, the RGU publishes notice of completion of an EAW and a 30-

day public-comment period commences. Id., subd. 2a(b). Once the public-comment

period ends, the RGU is responsible for preparing responses to the comments received,

and for determining whether the project has the potential for significant environmental

effects. Id.; Minn. R. 4410.1700, subps. 1, 4. If the RGU determines that the project has

the potential for significant environmental effects, it must issue a “positive declaration”

on the need for an EIS. Minn. R. 4410.1700, subps. 1, 3. If the RGU determines that

there is not such potential, it will issue a “negative declaration.” Id. In connection with

10
the EIS determination, “[t]he RGU shall maintain a record, including specific findings of

fact, supporting its decision.” Id., subp. 4.

A county’s decision to issue a negative declaration is reviewed as an agency

decision under the standards articulated in the Minnesota Administrative Procedures Act

(MAPA), particularly Minn. Stat. § 14.69 (2012). See CARD, 713 N.W.2d at 832

(applying agency standards of review to county EIS determination); MCEA, 644 N.W.2d

at 464 (applying MAPA standards to EIS determination despite lack of contested-case

hearing). Under that standard, the county’s decision is entitled to substantial deference,

and will be disturbed only upon a showing that the decision is arbitrary and capricious,

based on an error of law, or not supported by substantial evidence. CARD, 713 N.W.2d

at 832. “[An appellate court’s] role . . . is to determine whether the [county] has taken a

hard look at the problems involved, and whether it has genuinely engaged in reasoned

decision-making.” Id. (quotations omitted).

I.

Relators are neighboring landowners and others who oppose the LWBC project.4

They argue that because the county committed multiple procedural errors in issuing the

negative declaration, reversal is required. They attempt to paint a picture of Dewey, the

county’s environmental-services administrator, as a biased advocate for LWBC and

further suggest that the county improperly influenced the DNR to withdraw its opposition

to the project. We have carefully reviewed the record, and find no support for these

inflammatory allegations. Dewey’s recommendations to the county board based on his

4
Relator Newton has appeared separately from the other relators.

11
environmental expertise did not show bias but rather the fulfilment of his job functions

with the county. And a proper reading of the DNR’s correspondence reveals that it never

opposed the LWBC project or even asserted that an EIS should be required. Instead, the

DNR merely sought additional information, which, once provided, satisfied its concerns

about the project. We address the specific procedural arguments raised by relators in the

following sections and conclude that the county appropriately conducted the

environmental-review process as dictated by MEPA and EQB rules and as contemplated

in the EAW Guidelines.

A. The county did not err by adopting a draft EAW submitted by LWBC.

Relator Newton asserts legal error in the county’s adoption of an EAW prepared

by LWBC’s consultant. The county responds that “[t]here is no statute, rule, or case

which requires an RGU to gather its own independent data, without the assistance of

outside consultants or utilizing the expertise of state agencies.” We agree. Moreover, as

the county also highlights in its brief, the rules specifically provide for the county’s

receipt of data from the project proposer. See Minn. R. 4410.1400. Once it has received

and accepted as complete the project proposer’s submission, the RGU has 30 days to

“add supplementary material to the EAW, if necessary, and to approve the EAW for

distribution.” Id. (emphasis added). The EAW Guidelines similarly provide that, upon

receiving the completed data portions from the project proposer, the “RGU has 30 days to

add additional information, revise the text as necessary and approve the EAW for public

distribution.” EAW Guidelines at 5 (emphasis added); cf. Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd.

2a(i) (permitting RGU to accept preliminary draft of EIS from project proposer, “require

12
additional studies, if needed” for RGU to “perform its responsibility to review, modify,

and determine the completeness and adequacy of the [EIS]” (emphasis added)).

Here, LWBC submitted a draft EAW prepared by its consultant, Westwood.

Dewey reviewed the EAW, made edits to it, including drafting a more complete

response to one of the questions, and added an additional document to the appendix.

Dewey reviewed the EAW for completeness and responsiveness before presenting it to

the board. Each of the commissioners also reviewed the EAW and voted to accept it as

complete and accurate. We agree with Dewey’s statement to the board that its vote

“made the EAW the [b]oard’s EAW.” Accordingly, we reject Newton’s assertion that

the county erred by using a draft EAW prepared by LWBC’s consultant.

B. The county did not err by meeting with the representatives of the DNR and
LWBC during the public-comment period.

Relators assert legal error stemming from the April 23 meeting attended by county

staff and representatives of the DNR and LWBC.5 We discern nothing in MEPA or the

EQB rules that precluded the county from seeking assistance from the DNR and LWBC

in responding to comments. Moreover, the EAW Guidelines specifically contemplate

that,

in certain cases, it may be advisable to send out responses in
advance of the decision to solicit comments before the EIS
need decision is made. The RGU may ask the proposer to
help prepare responses if the comments ask for changes in the
project or a commitment to mitigation, or question the
purpose or value of the project.

5
At one point in her brief, relator Newton asserts that this meeting took place after the
close of the public-comment period, but the record is clear that the meeting was on
April 23, before the close of the public-comment period on May 1.

13
EAW Guidelines at 2-3.

The Brown relators assert that the April 23 meeting “probably should have been

public under Minn. R. 4410.1600.” That rule provides for an optional public meeting

during the public-comment period:

The RGU may hold one or more public meetings to gather
comments on the EAW if it determines that a meeting is
necessary or useful. Reasonable public notice of the meetings
shall be given prior to the meetings. All meetings shall be
open to the public.

Minn. R. 4410.1600. This section addresses meetings of the RGU, in this case the

county, which can act only through its board of commissioners. See Minn. Stat. § 373.02

(2012). The April 23 meeting was not a meeting of the RGU, and thus was not subject to

Minn. R. 4410.1600. Cf. Sovereign v. Dunn, 498 N.W.2d 62, 67-68 (Minn. App. 1993)

(holding that meetings of delegation created by city council but not including a quorum

of council members and lacking authority to take action on behalf of the council were not

meetings of the council subject to the open meeting law), review denied (Minn. May 28,

1993); The Minn. Daily v. Univ. of Minn., 432 N.W.2d 189, 192, 194 (Minn. App. 1988)

(holding that meetings of advisory committee approved by board of regents, but not

including any regents, were not meetings of the board subject to the open meeting law),

review denied (Minn. Jan. 25, 1989). Accordingly, we reject the assertion that the county

erred by meeting with representatives of the DNR and LWBC during the public-comment

period.

14
 C. The county did not err by considering a letter from the DNR received after
the close of the public-comment period.

Relators assert legal error in the county’s accepting into the record the May 20,

2013 letter from the DNR, arguing that it was a late “comment” that the county was not

authorized to consider under the MEPA or the EQB rules. The county responds that

“[r]elators’ position has no basis in law or fact” and that “RGUs should be encouraged to

reach out to state agencies to address comments.” Once again, we agree with the county.

Initially, it is not clear that the May 20 letter is properly treated as a “comment”

that was due by the end of the public-comment period. Rather, the letter was part of an

ongoing dialogue between the DNR and the county to assist the county in responding to

public comments on the EAW. This is precisely the type of information gathering that

MEPA is intended to promote. Indeed, the DNR is required under MEPA to “make

available to . . . counties . . . information useful in restoring, maintaining, and enhancing

the quality of the environment, and in meeting the policies of the state as set forth in

[MEPA].” Minn. Stat. § 116D.03, subd. 2(6) (2012). And the EQB has recognized the

important role that state agencies may play in drafting responses to public comments,

stating that “in certain cases, it may be advisable to send out responses in advance of the

decision to solicit comments before the EIS need decision is made.” EAW Guidelines at

2-3. Even to the extent that the May 20 letter is properly considered a “comment,” the

EAW Guidelines recognize an RGU’s discretion to accept and consider late comments.

See id. at 2 (“Late comments may be responded to if the RGU chooses to do so.”)

15
 The Brown relators read Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 2a(b), to require that an

RGU limit its consideration, when making an EIS determination, to the EAW and the

comments received. The statute provides that the “decision on the need for an

environmental impact statement shall be based on the environmental assessment

worksheet and the comments received during the comment period.” Minn. Stat.

§ 116D.04, subd. 2a(b). But the EQB rules make clear that “[t]he RGU shall base its

decision regarding the need for an EIS on the information gathered during the EAW

process and the comments received on the EAW.” Minn. R. 4410.1700, subp. 3.

The Brown relators argue that the rule is inconsistent with the statute and thus the

statute must control. See Vang v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 432 N.W.2d 203, 206 (Minn.

App. 1988) (“An administrative regulation is valid only to the extent it is consistent with

the statutory authority pursuant to which it is promulgated.”), review denied (Minn.

Dec. 30, 1988). We disagree. While Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 2a(b), requires the

RGU to base its EIS decision on the EAW and the comments received during the public-

comment period, nothing in the statutory language precludes an RGU from considering

additional information gathered before the EIS decision is made. The Brown relators

attempt to draw an analogy between the statute and the close of evidence in adversarial

legal proceedings. But the environmental-review process is not an adversarial

proceeding; rather, the purpose of the proceedings is for the RGU to gather information

on the possible environmental impacts of a project. See MCEA, 644 N.W.2d at 468

(“[P]reparing an EAW, making the decision whether the EAW requires an EIS, and the

ultimate preparation of an EIS are essentially an information gathering and analytical

16
process.”). Given this purpose, it makes no sense to construe Minn. Stat. § 116D.04,

subd. 2a(b), to limit the RGU’s ability to consider additional, relevant information after

the close of the public-comment period. See Minn. Stat. § 645.17(1) (2012) (stating that

the “legislature does not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or

unreasonable”).

Notably, this court has declined to construe the language in Minn. Stat. § 116D.04,

subd. 2a(b), to limit the record to the EAW and public comments. Trout Unlimited, Inc.

v. Minn. Dep’t of Agric., 528 N.W.2d 903, 907-08 (Minn. App. 1995), review denied

(Minn. Apr. 27, 1995). Although Trout Unlimited involved an RGU’s attempt to limit

the record on appeal, this court’s reasoning is equally apt here: “If the disputed

documents were available and in the possession of the [RGU], they are part of the record

as defined by the statute, and should have been considered by the [RGU] when

determining whether an EIS was necessary.” Id. at 908.

In sum, we conclude that the county’s acceptance and consideration of the May 20

DNR letter was not inconsistent with the procedure set forth in MEPA and the EQB rules,

as further explained in the EAW Guidelines. Accordingly, we reject relators’ assertion

that the county erred by relying on the letter in reaching its decision to issue a negative

declaration.

D. The county did not err by failing to reopen the public-comment period after
receiving the DNR letter.

The Brown relators assert that the county erred by not reopening the record

pursuant to Minn. R. 4410.1700, subp. 2a, after it considered the DNR’s May 20 letter.

17
That rule provides that an RGU with insufficient information to determine the necessity

of an EIS shall either make a positive declaration or postpone the decision in order to

obtain the information. Minn. R. 4410.1700, subp. 2a. The rule would come into play if

an RGU was facing a deadline to make a declaration and did not have enough

information. Nothing in the rule, however, precluded the county from gathering the

information that it needed and making a decision before the deadline, as it did in this

case. Accordingly, we reject relators’ assertion that the county erred by failing to reopen

the public-comment period after receiving the DNR letter.

E. Relators’ other assertions of procedural error are without merit.

Relators generally contend that the environmental-review process carried out by

the county was not transparent enough and that additional public participation should

have been permitted. Our supreme court addressed similar arguments about transparency

and public participation in Moberg v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 281, in which a school board

sought and relied upon the school-closing recommendations of a fact-finding panel that

met in private. 336 N.W.2d 510, 513 (Minn. 1983). In rejecting appellants’ arguments

that they were entitled to an additional public hearing following the panel’s

recommendation, the court explained:

The Board complied with the statutory requirements
by publishing the notice and receiving extensive public
testimony at earlier stages. . . . The fact-gathering and
deliberation process may continue until the Board feels
confident that it is adequately prepared to decide the
matter. In this case, the Board, which has wide
discretion in such matters, chose to weigh the panel’s
recommendation heavily in making its decision. It was
also capable of discounting any possible errors

18
 contained in the panel’s report without submitting it to
another round of public debate.

Id. at 515. The court was careful not to “minimize the significance of public input,” but

observed that “we look to the locally elected representatives to receive public input, and

weigh and resolve such conflicts within the parameters of their statutory authority.” Id.

In this case, the county’s environmental-review process complied with MEPA and

the EQB rules. The only public-participation requirement in MEPA is the public-

comment period. See Minn. Stat. § 116D.04, subd. 2a(b). Even the public meeting that

the county chose to hold was optional. See Minn. R. 4410.1600. To the extent that

relators advocate a more open environmental-review process, their advocacy must be

directed to the legislature, not to this court. See Martinco v. Hastings, 265 Minn. 490,

497, 122 N.W.2d 631, 638 (1963) (“If there is to be a change in the statute, it must come

from the legislature, for the courts cannot supply that which the legislature purposely

omits or inadvertently overlooks.”).

II.

Relators assert that the negative declaration is not supported by substantial

evidence. “A decision is supported by substantial evidence when it is supported by

(1) such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion; (2) more than a scintilla of evidence; (3) more than some evidence; (4) more

than any evidence; or (5) the evidence considered in its entirety.” MCEA, 644 N.W.2d at

464. Having carefully reviewed the record in light of this deferential standard, we

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conclude that the county’s decision to issue a negative declaration is supported by

substantial evidence.

In determining whether a project “has the potential for significant environmental

effects,” such that a positive declaration on the need for an EIS is required, an RGU must

consider four factors: (1) the “type, extent, and reversibility of environmental effects”;

(2) the “cumulative potential effects”; (3) “the extent to which the environmental effects

are subject to mitigation by ongoing public regulatory authority”; and (4) “the extent to

which environmental effects can be anticipated and controlled as a result of other

available environmental studies undertaken by public agencies or the project proposer,

including other EISs.” Minn. R. 4410.1700, subp. 7.

Although it must consider all known potential impacts to the environment, “the

county cannot be compelled to prepare an EIS on the basis of speculative factors.” Iron

Rangers for Responsible Ridge Action v. Iron Range Res., 531 N.W.2d 874, 881 (Minn.

App. 1995), review denied (Minn. July 28, 1995). “[U]nsupported fears do not require a

full-blown investigation.” CARD, 713 N.W.2d at 833. An EIS determination involves

considering “whether the project, as proposed, ha[s] the potential for causing significant

environmental effects.” Id. at 835 (emphasis added). And “[w]here there are technical

disputes and uncertainties, the court must assume that the agency or RGU has exercised

its discretion appropriately.” Iron Rangers, 531 N.W.2d at 881.

As we noted above, a predominant concern about the LWBC project is the

possibility for the disturbance of area wildlife, particularly muskellunge that spawn in

Kocemba Bay. The county’s determination that the project does not have the potential

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for significant environmental effects in this regard is supported by the county’s

correspondence with the DNR and the DNR’s comment letters. In its 2010 and April

2013 comment letters, the DNR identified as lacking from the EAW the specific

mitigation measures that could be taken to avoid impacting the muskellunge spawning

area. After reviewing the county’s proposed responses to comments, which included

LWBC’s commitments to prohibit access to Kocemba Bay, the DNR concluded that its

concerns in this regard had been “[a]dequately answered.” And in its May 20 letter to the

county, the DNR indicated that “[o]ur questions regarding this project have been

adequately addressed.” The DNR is the state agency charged with “protecting and

managing Minnesota’s natural resources.” Minn. for Responsible Recreation v. Dep’t of

Natural Res., 651 N.W.2d 533, 536 (Minn. App. 2002); see also Minn. Stat. § 97A.045

(2012) (providing commissioner of natural resources with duty and powers to protect

desirable species of wild animals). As such, its opinion that the possible impacts to the

spawning habitat will be sufficiently mitigated provides substantial evidence to support

the county’s conclusion that there is not a potential for significant environmental effect in

this regard.

A second predominant concern is the possibility of increased phosphorus loading

to Deer Lake, from surface-water runoff, wastewater and/or disturbance of the lake

bottom. The county’s determination that the project does not have the potential for

significant environmental effects in this respect is supported by the reports of limnologist

Carolyn J. Dindorf and engineer Lanol L. Leichty, as well as the DNR’s correspondence

and comment letters. In a report attached to the EAW, Dindorf states that Deer Lake

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ranked 114 of 179 (one being the most sensitive) for phosphorus sensitivity in a lake

sensitivity test conducted by the DNR and MPCA, and that Deer Lake water transparency

has improved in recent years. Dindorf concludes that, with the protective measures that

LWBC has incorporated into the design or otherwise committed to, “increases in

phosphorus and other pollutants from this development and impacts on the lake ecology

and quality are expected to be minimal.”

With respect to runoff, Dindorf reviewed the LWBC design elements intended to

preclude runoff and concluded that “[w]ith the low imperviousness, existing native

vegetation, and infiltration and runoff controls proposed by LWBC, the phosphorus input

to the lake from site runoff is expected to [be] minimal to none.” A hydrological

summary prepared by Leichty similarly concludes that “[t]he overall proposed rates of

runoff are less than the existing rates for the 2, 10 and 100-year, 24-hour storm events to

Deer Lake. . . . As designed, this project will have little if any impact to the surrounding

environment from a storm water management standpoint.”

With respect to wastewater, Dindorf reports that “[t]he phosphorus that enters the

LWBC septic system is expected to be removed by the [system] and surrounding soils.”

The record also indicates that the system will be overdesigned by about 70% and

incorporate advanced treatment technology. With respect to disturbance of the lake

bottom, Dindorf opines that “[t]he boat use proposed by LWBC would be a minimal

localized impact such as some temporary sediment suspension” and that “[b]oat operation

as proposed by LWBC is not expected to increase shoreline erosion.” Environmental

investigator David G. Holmbeck, a former 37-year employee of the DNR, likewise

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concludes that “the ‘light on the water activities’ proposed by LWBC are not expected to

adversely affect Deer Lake’s aquatic resource.”

Relators assert that the county inappropriately disregarded environmental impacts

identified in the comments received on the EAW. The comments received from private

individuals primarily identify environmental concerns without taking into account the

specific mitigation that is either inherent in LWBC’s design of the project or reasonably

anticipated through other regulation. Some of the comments are from qualified

professionals who criticize the analysis of the reports appended to the EAW. To the

extent that there is a conflict of expert opinion, however, it was up to the county to weigh

those competing opinions. This court will not reweigh that evidence. See In re Appeal

of Rocheleau, 686 N.W.2d 882, 891 (Minn. App. 2004) (“The reviewing court is not to

retry the facts or make credibility determinations.” (quotation omitted)), review denied

(Minn. Dec. 22, 2004).

The Brown relators also assert that the mitigation measures identified in the

responses are no more than “vague statements of good intentions” that cannot be

considered as mitigation. “Mitigation” is defined by rule as

A. avoiding impacts altogether by not undertaking a certain project or parts of
a project;
B. minimizing impacts by limiting the degree of magnitude of a project;
C. rectifying impacts by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected
environment;
D. reducing or eliminating impacts over time by preservation and maintenance
operations during the life of the project;
E. compensating for impacts by replacing or providing substitute resources or
environments; or
F. reducing or avoiding impacts by implementation of pollution prevention
measures.

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Minn. R. 4410.0200, subp. 51 (2011). With respect to mitigation, “[t]he RGU may rely

only on mitigation measures that are specific and that can be reasonably expected to

effectively mitigate the identified environmental impacts of the project.” Minn. R.

4410.1700, subp. 7. “[A]n RGU may not rest its EIS determination decision on

mitigation that amounts to only vague statements of good intentions.” CARD, 713

N.W.2d at 834 (quotations omitted). “The RGU must have some concrete idea of what

problems may arise and how they may specifically be addressed by ongoing regulatory

authority.” Id. But our supreme court has recognized “a fundamental distinction

between a requirement that mitigation be discussed in sufficient detail to ensure that

environmental consequences have been fairly evaluated, on the one hand, and a

substantive requirement that a complete mitigation plan be actually formulated and

adopted, on the other.” MCEA, 644 N.W.2d at 468 (quotation omitted).

In this case, the EAW and the responses to comments identify specific limits on

project design and operation of the camp that will mitigate the potential environmental

effects. LWBC has committed to certain measures regarding both project design and

operation of the camp. With respect to design, LWBC has committed to implementing

best-management practices for preventing erosion during construction; designing a

stormwater management plan that will reduce surface water runoff into Deer Lake

compared to current conditions; and oversizing its septic system by 70% and

incorporating advanced treatment technologies to ensure proper pretreatment of

wastewaters. With respect to operation of the camp, LWBC has committed to instructing

staff, patrons, and guests to stay out of Kocemba Bay; limiting the camper swimming

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area and boat use; and complying with DNR recommendations for limiting excursions in

the nearby Balsam-Dear Islands Wildlife Management Area.

Relators assert that LWBC’s commitments cannot be considered mitigation

because they are voluntary. The Minnesota Supreme Court rejected that argument in

MCEA, noting that “[w]e are unable to find any requirement in our state’s law that the

[RGU] cannot consider voluntary measures in assessing mitigation.” 644 N.W.2d at 468.

And in CARD, the Minnesota Supreme Court clarified that environmental measures

incorporated into the design of the project are not necessarily “mitigation” but rather

merely define the project that the county is to consider in determining whether to require

an EIS. 713 N.W.2d at 835. If the proposer failed to incorporate those measures, “the

EIS determination would no longer apply and additional environmental review would be

necessary.” Id. Accordingly, LWBC’s commitments with respect to both the design and

operation of the camp provide substantial evidence to support the county’s finding that

the camp will not have significant environmental effects.

Beyond LWBC’s commitments, the county has identified as potential regulatory

limitations the conditions in the 2006 CUP, which included:

 Prohibiting any use of the property beyond that presently planned
 Prohibiting additional structures
 Limiting the maximum number of beds to 150
 Requiring 200-foot setbacks with certain exceptions
 Prohibiting disturbance of trees and vegetation within 75 feet of the
ordinary high water line (except at existing beach)
 Requiring a stormwater management plan
 Requiring erosion-control measures
 Limiting visibility of camp buildings and exterior lighting
 Prohibiting entry into Kocemba Bay

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  Limiting hours of operation

These specific potential conditions support the county’s finding that potential

environmental effects are subject to mitigation by ongoing public authority. Because the

county considered specific mitigation measures and concluded that they would be

sufficient, rather than merely deferring any determination on mitigation, this case is

distinguishable from Trout Unlimited, 528 N.W.2d at 909.

Relators argue that the possible regulatory conditions identified by the county

cannot be considered mitigation because they are not presently in place. This assertion

misunderstands the inquiry that the county was required to make, which is “the extent to

which the environmental effects are subject to mitigation by ongoing public regulatory

authority.” Minn. R. 4410.1700, subp. 7 (emphasis added); see also MCEA, 644 N.W.2d

at 468 (contrasting consideration of factors, which is required in environmental review,

with their implementation, which is not). Thus, the county properly considered what

mitigation can be required through future regulatory processes, including the CUP

process.

In conclusion, we have carefully reviewed the record and conclude that the county

has taken the requisite “hard look” at environmental issues surrounding the LWBC

project. The county’s environmental-review process was consistent with MEPA and the

EQB rules, and the county’s decision to issue a negative declaration is supported by

substantial evidence. We acknowledge relators’ genuinely held concerns for the Deer

Lake environment, but “[w]hen, as here, a governing body has followed applicable

statutory procedures and its decision is supported by substantial evidence, the courts must

26
uphold that decision though there be heartfelt opposition to it.” Moberg, 336 N.W.2d at

515-16 (footnote omitted).

Affirmed.

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