Miguel Angel Rodriguez, petitioner, Appellant,

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2018).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A19-1436

Miguel Angel Rodriguez, petitioner,
Appellant,

vs.

State of Minnesota,
Respondent.

Filed April 20, 2020
Affirmed
Johnson, Judge

Mower County District Court
File No. 50-CR-15-191

Miguel Angel Rodriguez, Faribault, Minnesota (pro se appellant)

Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

Kristen M. Nelsen, Mower County Attorney, Megan A. Burroughs, Assistant County
Attorney, Austin, Minnesota (for respondent)

Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Tracy
M. Smith, Judge.
U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N
JOHNSON, Judge
In 2016, a Mower County jury found Miguel Angel Rodriguez guilty of first-degree
aggravated robbery, possession of a firearm by an ineligible person , and second-degree
assault. The district court imposed concurrent prison sentences of 162 months and

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60 months. This court affirmed the convictions and sentences on direct appeal. In 2019,
Rodriguez petitioned for post -conviction relief , arguing that the district court erred in
sentencing him and that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction
court denied the petition on the ground that it was procedurally barred and without merit.
We affirm.
FACTS
Rodriguez’s convictions arise from an armed robbery of the Hiawatha Bar in Austin.
The evidence introduced at trial showed that he grabbed a bag containing approximately
$2,000 in cash and fired a revolver at another customer before fleeing. Rodriguez later was
identified, in part, by DNA evidence and by a forensic determination that a bullet recovered
from the scene was fired by a revolver found in his possession one month later.
The state’s amended complaint charged Rodriguez with three offenses: (1) first -
degree aggravated robbery, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.245, subd. 1 (2012) ;
(2) possession of a firearm by an ineligible person with a prior conviction of a crime of
violence, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2012); and (3) second-degree
assault, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.222, subd. 1 (2012) . The state sought an
aggravated sentence on the ground that Rodriguez was a dangerous offender who had two
prior convictions for crimes of violence. The state requested a bifurcated trial.
The case was tried to a jury over three days in June 2016. The jury found Rodriguez
guilty on all three counts. In the second phase of the trial, the jury found that Rodriguez
was a danger to public safety. At sentencing, the district court found that Rodriguez had
two prior convictions of crimes of violence. Based on those two findings, the district court

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imposed an aggravated sentence of 162 months of imprisonment on count 1. The district
court imposed a concurrent sentence of 60 months of imprisonment on count 2. The district
court did not impose a sentence on count 3.
On direct appeal, Rodriguez argued that the district court erred by allowing
references to his criminal history, by denying his motion to suppress evidence, and by not
instructing the jury with more specificity regarding the meaning of the phrase “danger to
public safety.” In August 2017, t his court affirmed with respect to each issue . State v.
Rodriguez, No. A16-1874, 2017 WL 3585110, at *2-5 (Minn. App. Aug. 21, 2017), review
denied (Minn. Nov. 14, 2017).
In April 2019, Rodriguez petitioned for post-conviction relief. In an accompanying
memorandum of law , he asserted two claims. His first claim was that the district court
erred in sentencing him on count 1 because it miscalculated his criminal-history score and
erroneously admitted evidence concerning whether he was a danger to public safety. His
second claim was that he received ineffective assistance of counsel from both his trial
attorney and his ap pellate attorney because his trial attorney did not object to the errors
alleged in his first claim and his appellate attorney did not argue that his trial attorney was
ineffective. In response, the state argued that Rodriguez’s claims are procedurally barred
by State v. Knaffla, 243 N.W.2d 737 (Minn. 1976). The state also argued that Rodriguez’s
claims are without merit.
The post -conviction court denied Rodriguez’s petition without a n evidentiary
hearing. The post -conviction court concluded that Rodriguez’s claims concerning his
sentence and ineffective assistance of trial counsel are procedurally barred by the Knaffla

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doctrine. The post-conviction court also concluded that Rodriguez’s claims concerning his
sentence are without merit. The post-conviction court further concluded that Rodriguez’s
claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is not Knaffla-barred but is without
merit because the performance of both Rodriguez’s trial attorney and his appellate attorney
were not below an objective standard of reasonableness. Rodriguez appeals.
D E C I S I O N
Rodriguez argues in his well-structured, 44-page pro se brief that the district court
erred by denying his post-conviction petition. The state has responded by filing a one-page
letter, which states that the state will not file an appellate brief but, instead, will “rely upon
the record and memoranda submitted to the trial court, as well as previous appellate briefs
submitted in Appellant’s prior appeal.” The state ’s letter cites rule 128.01, subdivision 2,
of the rules of appellate procedure . Subdivision 1 of that rule provides that the appellate
court may authorize the filing of an informal brief with a “concise statement of the party’s
arguments on appeal, together with the addendum required by Rule 130.01.” Minn. R. Civ.
App. P. 128.01, subd. 1. Subdivision 2 of the rule (the provision on which th e state relies
in this appeal) provides that a party may “rely upon memoranda submitted to the trial court
supplemented by a short letter argument,” in which event the “trial court submissions . . .
shall be included in the addendum.” Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 128.01, subd. 2. The state did
not comply with subdivision 2 of the rule because it did not attach an addendum and did
not supplement the memorandum it filed in the post -conviction court with “a short letter
argument.” In an appeal such as this one —an appeal involving a felony conviction , a
prison sentence of significant duration, complicated sentence -calculation issues , and

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complicated procedural issues—a formal brief would have been appropriate. See Minn. R.
Civ. App. P. 128.02, subd. 2. An informal brief would have been less helpful but still
beneficial. But no brief whatsoever, not even “a short letter argument,” is not helpful at
all. Furthermore, the state has essentially shifted the burdens of finding various materials
that were filed during p ost-conviction proceedings and a prior appeal and of determining
which documents and which parts of those documents are pertinent to the issues that must
be resolved in this appeal. Th ose tasks should be performed by counsel for the state, not
by the court of appeals.
I. Sentencing Issues
Rodriguez renews the two arguments concerning his sentence that he made in his
post-conviction petition, and he argues, for the first time on appeal, that the district court
denied him his constitutional right to a jury trial on the question whether he had two prior
convictions of crimes of violence . He also challenges the post -conviction court’s
determination that his arguments are barred by the Knaffla doctrine. We begin our analysis
there.
The post-conviction court reasoned, in part, that Rodriguez “already knew or should
have known about” issues concerning his criminal -history score at the time of his direct
appeal. Consequently, the post-conviction court concluded that Rodriguez’s challenges to
his sentence are barred by the Knaffla doctrine. Under the Knaffla doctrine, a fter an
offender has had a direct appeal, “all matters raised therein, and all claims known but not
raised, will not be considered upon a subsequent petition for postconvicti on relief.” State
v. Knaffla , 243 N.W.2d 737, 741 ( Minn. 1976); see also Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1

6
(2016). The supreme court has recognized two exceptions to the Knaffla bar. A claim may
not be procedurally barred (1) “if the claim involves an issue so novel that its legal basis
was not reasonably available at the time of the direct appeal,” or (2) if it would be in the
interests of justice to review the claim because it “has substantive merit and the petitioner
did not deliberately and inexcusably fail” to raise the issue previously. Swaney v. State ,
882 N.W.2d 207, 215 (Minn. 2016). It is an open question whether these two exceptions
apply to post -conviction petitions after the 2005 amendments to chapter 590 of the
Minnesota Statutes, which codified the Knaffla bar. Id. at 215 n.4 (citing Minn. Stat.
§ 590.01, subd. 1).
Rodriguez contends that the post-conviction court erred by applying Knaffla on the
ground that he is allowed to challenge his sentence “at any time,” as recognized by
rule 27.03, subdivision 9, of the rules of criminal procedure and State v. Maurstad ,
733 N.W.2d 141 (Minn. 2007). In Maurstad, the supreme court reasoned that “a sentence
based on an incor rect criminal history score is an illegal sentence —and therefore, under
Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.03, subd. 9 , correctable ‘at any time. ’” 733 N.W.2d at 147.
Consequently, the supreme court concluded that the petitioner neither waived nor forfeited
a challenge to his criminal-history score even though he did not make such a challenge in
the district court at sentencing. Id.
Unlike the petitioner in Maurstad, Rodriguez had a direct appeal, which means that
he had a prior opportunity to challenge his criminal -history score. Cf. State v. Maurstad,
706 N.W.2d 545, 548 (Minn. App. 2005), rev’d, 733 N.W.2d 141 (Minn. 2007) . But the
supreme court did not qualify its opinion in Maurstad by limiting its holding to post-

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conviction petitioners who did not have a direct appeal. See Maurstad, 733 N.W.2d at 147.
Thus, the Knaffla doctrine does not apply to Rodriguez’s post-conviction claim to the
extent that he challenges his criminal -history score, which is the first of his three cl aims
concerning his sentence. But the Knaffla doctrine bars his second and third claims, which
are not concerned with his criminal-history score.
Nonetheless, Rodriguez’s first sentencing claim is without merit. The district court
assigned him four felony points for his prior Illinois convictions of murder, aggravated
fleeing or eluding an officer, and felon in possession of a firearm. In his appellate brief,
Rodriguez concedes that, under the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines, four points are
proper for those prior convictions. In addition, he does not challenge the custody-status
point that he received . Rodriguez’s argument appears to be based on the impression that
certain traffic violations were included in his criminal -history score . But that is a
misimpression. Rodriguez received two points for his murder conviction, a half point for
his aggravated-fleeing or eluding-an-officer conviction, and one and a half points for his
felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm conviction. Thus, the district court did not err by
assigning Rodriguez four felony criminal-history points.
Even though Rodriguez’s second and third sentencing claims are Knaffla-barred,
we nonetheless will consider them on the merits because they are relevant to Rodriguez’s
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, which we analyze below. See supra part II.
For his second sentencing claim, Rodriguez argues that the district court erred by
finding that his prior conviction of being an armed habitual criminal was a crime of
violence. He contends that the conviction was vacated on appeal. But the district court

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did not rely on his conviction of being an armed habitual criminal; rather, it relied on his
prior conviction of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Thus, the district court did not
rely on a prior conviction that has been vacated.
For his third sentencing claim, Rodriguez argues that the district court erred by
denying him his constitutional right to a jury trial on the question whether he had two prior
convictions of crimes of violence. Rodriguez did not make this argument to the post-
conviction court. “It is well settled that a party may not raise issues for the first time on
appeal from denial of postconviction relief.” Azure v. State, 700 N.W.2d 443, 447 (Minn.
2005) (quotation omitted); see also Ashby v. State , 752 N.W.2d 76, 79 (Minn. 2008).
Because Rodriguez did not preserve the argument by presenting it to the district court, the
argument has been forfeited, and this court is not obligated to consider it for the first time
on appeal. See State v. Sorenson , 441 N.W.2d 455, 457 (Minn. 1989). In any event, the
argument is without merit. By statute, the district court may “ impose an aggravated
durational departure from the presumptive imprisonment sentence up to the statutory
maximum sentence” if, among other things, “the court determines on the record at the time
of sentencing that the offender has two or more prior convictions for violent crimes .”
Minn. Stat. § 609.1095, subd. 2(1) (2012) (emphasis added). This statute does not violate
Rodriguez’s constitutional right to a jury trial because that right does not extend to “‘the
fact of a prior conviction .’” Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 301, 124 S. Ct. 2531,
2536 (quoting Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U .S. 466, 490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 2362 -63
(2000)); see also State v. Wiskow , 774 N.W.2d 612, 616 (Minn. App. 2009). The district

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court did not err by making findings of fact concerning Rodriguez’s prior convictions
without submitting those issues to a jury.
Thus, the district court did not err in sentencing Rodriguez, and the post-conviction
court did not err by denying his post-conviction petition to the extent that Rodriguez
challenged his sentence.
II. Claims of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Rodriguez argues that the post-conviction court erred by denying his petition with
respect to his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a post-conviction
petitioner “must affirmatively prove [1] t hat his counsel’s representation ‘fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness’ and [2] ‘that there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.’” Gates v. State , 398 N.W.2d 558, 561 (Minn. 1987) (quoting Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984)). The petitioner
“bears the burden of proof on that claim.” State v. Jackson, 726 N.W.2d 454, 463 (Minn.
2007). To satisfy tha t burden, the petitioner “must do more than offer conclusory,
argumentative assertions, without factual support.” State v. Turnage , 729 N.W.2d 593,
599 (Minn. 2007). An appellate court need not analyze both prongs of the Strickland test
if an analysis of one prong is determinative. Leake v. State , 767 N.W.2d 5, 10 (Minn.
2009).
Rodriguez argues that his trial attorney was ineffective on the ground that the
attorney never informed Rodriguez of the state’s motion to seek an aggravated sentence,

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did not object to the computed criminal-history score, and did not contest the recognition
of Rodriguez’s armed-habitual-criminal conviction as a crime of violence. The post-
conviction court reasoned, in part, that Rodriguez “knew or should have known abo ut a
claim for ineffective assistance of trial counsel at the time of his appeal, and his failure to
raise this claim on appeal bars the claim under the Knaffla rule from consideration in this
post-conviction court.” Rodriguez does not challenge that reasoning in his appellate brief.
The post-conviction court’s reasoning necessarily implicates the general rule that “a n
ineffective assistance of counsel claim should be raised in a postconviction petition for
relief, rather than on direct appeal” on the ground that “a postconviction hearing provides
the court with ‘additional facts to explain the attorney’s decisions,’ so as to properly
consider whether a defense counsel’s performance was deficient.” State v. Gustafson, 610
N.W.2d 314, 321 (Minn. 2000) (quo ting Black v. State , 560 N.W.2d 83, 85 n.1 (Minn.
1997)). Without additional facts, “any conclusions reached by [an appellate] court as to
whether [a defendant’s] attorney’s assistance was deficient would be pure speculation.”
Id.; see also Arredondo v. State, 754 N.W.2d 566, 571 n.4 (Minn. 2008); Jackson, 726
N.W.2d at 463; State v. Barnes, 713 N.W.2d 325, 335 (Minn. 2006). But if the trial record
is sufficiently developed such that an ineffectiveness claim can be decided based on that
record, an appell ate court may consider the claim on direct appeal. Torres v. State , 688
N.W.2d 569, 572 (Minn. 2004). In this case, it appears that the record was sufficiently
developed at trial such that this court could have determined the effectiveness of
Rodriguez’s trial attorney on direct appeal.

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In any event, a review of the record leads to the conclusion that Rodriguez did not
receive ineffective assistance at trial. For the reasons stated above, Rodriguez did not have
valid arguments that his trial attorney could have asserted at sentencing. See supra part I.
Accordingly, Rodriguez cannot establish that his trial attorney’s “representation fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness” or that, if t he trial attorney had challenged his
sentence in the way Rodriguez would have liked, “there is a reasonable probability that . . .
the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Gates, 398 N.W.2d at 561
(quotation omitted). Similarly, because Rodriguez cannot show that his trial attorney was
ineffective, he cannot prevail on his ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim. See
Carridine v. State, 867 N.W.2d 488, 494-95 (Minn. 2015). Thus, the post-conviction court
did not err by rejecting Rodriguez’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
In sum, the post-conviction court did not err by denying Rodriguez’s petition for
post-conviction relief.
Affirmed.