In the Matter of the Trust Created under Agreement By and Between Barbara A Gaughan, Settlor, and Barbara A Gaughan, ...

This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by
Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).

STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A25-0582

In the Matter of the Trust Created under Agreement By and Between Barbara A
Gaughan, Settlor, and Barbara A Gaughan, Trustee, dated June 12, 1998, as amended.

Filed November 17, 2025
Affirmed
Cochran, Judge

Hennepin County District Court
File No. 27-TR-CV-22-46

Kathi Bjorkman, Scottsdale, Arizona (pro se appellant)

Brian A. Dillon, Richard C. Landon, Brooke F. Robbins, Lathrop GPM LLP, Minneapolis,
Minnesota (for respondent Lighthouse Management Group, LLC)

Evan A. Nelson, Carly J. Johnson, Maslon LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent
Karen Wichmann)

Vincent D. Louwagie, Cory D. Olson, Dan Hall, Anthony Ostlund Louwagie Dressen &
Boylan P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Maureen Allan)

William R. Skolnick, Andrew H. Bardwell, Skolnick, Bardwell & Johnson, P.A.,
Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent Patrick Gaughan)

Considered and decided by Ede, Presiding Judge; Smith, Tracy M., Judge; and

Cochran, Judge.

NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION

COCHRAN, Judge

In this trust dispute, appellant co-trustee and beneficiary challenges the district

court’s order granting respondent special fiduciary’s request for reimbursement of attorney
fees from the trust. Appellant argues that it was an abuse of discretion for the district court

to grant respondent’s request for attorney fees without allowing her additional discovery.

We affirm.

FACTS

This case involves the administration of a trust executed in 1998 by Barbara A.

Gaughan, who was the settlor and trustee at the time of execution. The trust owns interests

in several entities comprising various holdings in the Gaughan family businesses. The trust

provides that, upon Barbara’s death, the remaining trust assets were to be divided equally

among Barbara’s four children—appellant Kathi Bjorkman and respondents Karen

Wichmann, Maureen Allan, 1 and Patrick Gaughan. In August 2018, the trust was amended

for the third and final time to appoint Bjorkman and Wichmann to serve as successor co-

trustees upon their mother’s death.

After Barbara passed away in 2022, Wichmann filed a petition for an order

confirming appointment of trustee, beginning a probate action in district court. While

serving as co-trustees, Bjorkman and Wichmann repeatedly disagreed on key issues related

to the administration of the trust, such as which company should provide the real estate

appraisal for the estate’s tax return and the valuation number to be submitted with the tax

return. These disagreements led to cross motions to suspend co-trustees. Bjorkman and

Gaughan requested that the district court suspend Wichmann or, alternatively, for an

instruction directing Wichmann to agree to use their preferred appraisal. Conversely,

1
The parties refer to Maureen Allan as “Oracle Maureen” in their briefing. We use this
preferred name throughout the body of the opinion.

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Wichmann and Oracle Maureen requested that the district court suspend Bjorkman. Oracle

Maureen also sought the appointment of a special fiduciary. The district court denied all

motions to suspend trustees but granted the motion to appoint a special fiduciary.

In May 2023, the district court appointed respondent Lighthouse Management

Group LLC to serve as special fiduciary of the trust. One year later, the district court

granted Wichmann’s motion to toll deadlines in the case, noting that Lighthouse and the

co-trustees had made significant progress administrating the trust. The district court

ordered that “[a]ll discovery and pre-trial deadlines under the Court’s October 12, 2023,

Amended Scheduling Order shall be tolled as of January 15, 2024, until further Order of

the Court.” The district court further provided that, “[i]n the interim, the parties shall seek

to access information and documentation by making requests under Minnesota Statutes

Section 501C.0813(a) and other relevant statutes.”

In September 2024, Wichmann filed a request for payment of attorney fees and costs

from the trust. In October, Lighthouse filed a petition for approval of the special fiduciary’s

second interim accounting, all acts and doings of the special fiduciary, and direction

regarding related party transaction review. 2 Lighthouse requested, among other things,

that the district court approve Lighthouse’s second interim accounting, including payment

of all administrative fees, costs, professional fees, and attorney fees during the relevant

2
Lighthouse filed its first petition in November 2023. The district court approved all acts
and doings of Lighthouse through December 12, 2023, approved Lighthouse’s first interim
accounting through November 15, and confirmed and approved all fees through
November 15.

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period. Also in October, Gaughan filed a request for payment of attorney fees and costs

from the trust.

Bjorkman objected in writing “to Wichmann[’s] request for reimbursement of

attorney fees” and “to paying the invoices of Lighthouse and its request for payment of its

attorney fees.” Bjorkman requested that no funds be disbursed until it was confirmed that

the trust was solvent and could pay its obligations. She also requested an evidentiary

hearing and asserted that the outstanding discovery responses from Wichmann and Oracle

Maureen would help her prepare for the evidentiary hearing and would benefit the estate.

She did not specifically object to payment of Gaughan’s attorney fees.

In a February 2025 order, the district court granted Lighthouse’s request for

reimbursement of $64,333.26 in attorney fees. The district court also awarded Wichmann

$289,197 and Gaughan $55,563.50 in attorney fees. Wichmann’s and Gaughan’s awards

were each less than the full amount requested. The district court reserved the portion of

Wichmann’s and Gaughan’s requests for attorney fees related to a lis pendens, 3 concluding

that it needed additional information to evaluate those specific requests.

In its order, the district court considered Bjorkman’s concern that the disbursements

for attorney fees would risk insolvency for the trust, but credited Lighthouse’s counsel’s

3
A lis pendens is a notice, filed with the county recorder’s office, to inform “purchasers
and encumbrancers” of the pendency of a legal action regarding the “title to, or any
interest[s] in or lien upon, real property.” Minn. Stat. § 557.02 (2024); see also Black’s
Law Dictionary 1115 (12th ed. 2024) (defining lis pendens as “[a] notice, recorded in the
chain of title to real property, . . . to warn all persons that certain property is the subject
matter of litigation, and that any interests acquired during the pendency of the suit are
subject to its outcome”).

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representation “that the $5.8 million in reserves are sufficient, such that the Court should

not have any concern that the amount of fees currently requested would negatively impact

the trust’s solvency.” The district court also made specific findings regarding each request

for attorney fees that it awarded, finding each to be reasonable and further finding that it

would be fair and equitable to require the fees to be paid from the trust.

Bjorkman appealed the district court’s order, challenging the portions of the order

awarding Lighthouse and Wichmann attorney fees. She did not challenge the award of

attorney fees to Gaughan.

While the appeal was pending, we filed an order questioning jurisdiction as to

Bjorkman’s challenge to the award of attorney fees to Wichmann because it did not appear

the district court’s order fully resolved Wichmann’s petition for attorney fees. Wichmann

and Bjorkman submitted informal memoranda in response. In May 2025, we dismissed

the portion of the appeal seeking review of the district court’s order granting Wichmann’s

request for attorney fees, concluding that part of the appeal was premature because the

district court had not fully determined Wichmann’s request for attorney fees relating to the

lis pendens. Therefore, the scope of this appeal is limited to Bjorkman’s challenge to the

portion of the district court’s order granting Lighthouse’s request for reimbursement of

attorney fees from the trust.

DECISION

“In a judicial proceeding involving the administration of a trust, the court, as justice

and equity may require, may award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney fees,

to any party from the trust that is the subject of the judicial proceeding.” Minn. Stat.

5
§ 501C.1004 (2024); see also In re Jorgenson Fam. Tr., 10 N.W.3d 502, 507 (Minn. App.

2024) (holding that section 501C.1004 governs attorney-fee awards to third parties).

We review a district court’s decision to award attorney fees for an abuse of

discretion. Jorgenson, 10 N.W.3d at 506; see also In re Tr. Created by Hill,

499 N.W.2d 475, 493 (Minn. App. 1993) (“Determination of whether attorney fees will be

chargeable to a trust is within the sound discretion of the [district] court and will not be

reversed absent an abuse of discretion.”), rev. denied (Minn. July 15, 1993). “A district

court abuses its discretion if it makes fact findings unsupported by the evidence, misapplies

the law, or renders a decision contrary to logic and facts in the record.” Jorgenson,

10 N.W.3d at 506 (citing Woolsey v. Woolsey, 975 N.W.2d 502, 506 (Minn. 2022)).

Bjorkman argues that the district court abused its discretion because it granted

Lighthouse’s request for attorney fees without permitting additional discovery, resulting in

an insufficient record for it to determine whether the fees awarded to Lighthouse were

necessary and reasonable. We first address Lighthouse’s position that Bjorkman’s

argument is forfeited 4 under Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn. 1988), and then

turn to Bjorkman’s argument that the district court abused its discretion.

4
We note that Lighthouse argues that Bjorkman’s argument is waived. In this context, we
use the term forfeited instead. See State v. Beaulieu, 859 N.W.2d 275, 278 n.3 (Minn.
2015) (observing that “the United States Supreme Court has drawn a distinction between
forfeiture and waiver” by “explaining that[,] whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the
timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a
known right,” and stating that the Minnesota Supreme Court “use[s] the word ‘forfeiture’
when describing a failure to make a timely assertion of a right” (quotations omitted)).

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I. Bjorkman’s argument is not forfeited because she preserved the issue for
appeal in her written objection to Lighthouse’s request for attorney fees.

Lighthouse argues that Bjorkman’s argument is forfeited because she raised it for

the first time on appeal. As a reviewing court, we “must generally consider only those

issues that the record shows were presented and considered by the [district] court in

deciding the matter before it.” Thiele, 425 N.W.2d at 582 (quotation omitted). And we

cannot consider issues that were raised below, but under a different theory than on appeal.

Id.

Lighthouse contends that “[w]hile Bjorkman may have argued that her unanswered

discovery requests to Wichmann and Oracle Maureen were relevant to her objection to

other parties’ separate request[s] for fees, that general argument is not enough to preserve

a right to specifically argue for the first time on appeal that discovery was needed for

resolution of Lighthouse’s separate petition.” Bjorkman responds that the record

demonstrates she objected to the fees at issue. We agree with Bjorkman. 5

The record demonstrates that Bjorkman argued to the district court that it should

grant her discovery requests and hold an evidentiary hearing before granting Lighthouse’s

request for attorney fees. Bjorkman “object[ed] to paying the invoices of Lighthouse and

its request for payment of its attorney fees,” and she requested that no money be disbursed

until it was verified that the trust was “solvent and can pay its obligations as the same come

5
Lighthouse also argues that “Bjorkman never argued to the district court that she
somehow needed discovery from Lighthouse to assess the fees requested in its petition.”
This argument is supported by the record, but it does not indicate forfeiture because it is
inconsistent with Bjorkman’s argument on appeal.

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due.” Bjorkman also requested an evidentiary hearing to “ferret out whether estate

management has been proper, whether taxation issues exist, whether the fees being sought

for professional services were necessary and whether the value of those services is fair and

reasonable and hopefully whether distributions can be made to the heirs.” And she asserted

that the discovery responses from Wichmann and Oracle Maureen would help her prepare

for the evidentiary hearing and would benefit the estate.

Although Bjorkman presents a more straightforward argument on appeal, she does

not raise a new argument or a new theory. Bjorkman argued in her written objection to the

district court that it should grant her outstanding discovery requests and hold an evidentiary

hearing before granting Lighthouse’s, or any, request for attorney fees—the same argument

she now raises on appeal. The district court had an opportunity to consider this argument

and implicitly determined that additional discovery was unnecessary for its determination

when it granted Lighthouse’s request and overruled Bjorkman’s objection. Accordingly,

Bjorkman preserved the issue for appeal and her argument is not forfeited.

II. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it granted Lighthouse’s
request for attorney fees without permitting additional discovery.

Bjorkman argues that the district court abused its discretion because it granted

Lighthouse’s request for attorney fees without permitting the parties to engage in additional

discovery, resulting in an insufficient record for it to determine whether the fees were

necessary and reasonable. We review the reasonableness of a district court’s attorney-fee

decision for clear error. Jorgenson, 10 N.W.3d at 508. “[W]e will leave [the district

court’s] finding intact unless it leaves us with a firm conviction that the district court made

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a mistake.” Id. When determining whether attorney fees are reasonable, the district court

should consider: “(1) the character, ability and experience of the attorneys; (2) the

responsibilities they assumed; (3) the difficulty of the issues raised; (4) the time, labor and

skill required; (5) customary fees for similar services; (6) the amount involved; and (7) the

results obtained.” In re Great N. Iron Ore Props., 311 N.W.2d 488, 493 (Minn. 1981).

The record demonstrates that the district court considered all seven of these factors.

In its written order, the district court found that “[n]o party argued that Lighthouse’s

counsel lack character, ability, or experience, or that the hourly rate they charge is more

than the customary amount charged among other local firms.” It also considered the

attorneys’ and paralegals’ hourly rates, and found that the “difficulty of the issues in this

case have been significant,” and that the “responsibilities, time, labor, and skill required

are all consistent with the needs of this case.” The district court determined that the amount

of fees requested, while significant, was not out of the ordinary for trust disputes, that

Lighthouse was a neutral party, and that the court “frequently found Lighthouse’s

positions . . . meritorious.”

Bjorkman does not argue that any of these findings are clearly erroneous or

otherwise unsupported by the record, but argues that the district court erred because she is

still entitled to discovery from Wichmann and Oracle Maureen. We review a district

court’s decision regarding discovery for an abuse of discretion. Hill, 499 N.W.2d at 490;

see also Shetka v. Kueppers, 454 N.W.2d 916, 921 (Minn. 1990) (“[A] [district court] judge

has wide discretion to issue discovery orders and, absent clear abuse of that discretion,

normally its order with respect thereto will not be disturbed.”).

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 In her principal brief, Bjorkman does not directly argue what specific outstanding

discovery was necessary for the district court to make its determination as to the

reasonableness of Lighthouse’s attorney fees’ request, but she appears to refer to discovery

efforts “to ascertain amongst other things what prompted the large differences between

appraisals that Bjorkman ordered and paid for . . . as opposed to the appraisals prepared by

[the firm hired by Lighthouse].” Bjorkman was concerned that the estate “may have

overpaid millions in estate taxes.” And, as discussed above, “[g]iven the Trust’s

accounting and tax issues,” Bjorkman objected to Lighthouse’s request for attorney fees

and did not want any money disbursed until it was verified that the trust was solvent and

could pay its outstanding obligations.

The district court reviewed Bjorkman’s written objection and determined that

Lighthouse’s petition and affidavit in support of its request for fees, along with its

statements at the hearing, provided sufficient information to decide on the reasonableness

of the fees without further discovery or an evidentiary hearing. The district court also

considered Bjorkman’s concern that the estate may become insolvent, but found that

“Lighthouse’s counsel’s representations at the November 13, 2024, hearing are sufficient

to allay the Court’s concern that the estate is at risk of insolvency at present.” We “defer

to the district court’s opportunity to assess the credibility of witnesses.” In re Stisser

Grantor Tr., 818 N.W.2d 495, 507 (Minn. 2012). And because Bjorkman did not order a

transcript of the hearing, this court cannot review this finding but is “limited to determining

whether the [district] court’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law.” Am. Fam.

Life Ins. Co. v. Noruk, 528 N.W.2d 921, 925 (Minn. App. 1995), rev. denied (Minn.

10
Apr. 27, 1995); see also Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 110.02, subd. 1(a) (stating that it is the

appellant’s duty to order a transcript “of those parts of the proceedings not already part of

the record which are deemed necessary for inclusion in the record”).

Bjorkman further contends that “[g]iven all of the ‘moving parts’ and huge amounts

of attorneys and administration fees at stake, it is likely that the discovery owed to . . . [her]

will trigger a material downward adjustment to the invoiced amounts of attorney and

administration fees.” But she does not explain this argument with additional analysis or

authority. Other than generally asserting that the invoiced amounts would be lower,

Bjorkman does not explain how additional discovery would have changed the district

court’s decision to grant Lighthouse’s request for reimbursement of attorney fees, or how

the district court’s decision was otherwise unsupported by the record. See Schoepke v.

Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Co., 187 N.W.2d 133, 135 (Minn. 1971) (stating an

assignment of error based on a “mere assertion” is forfeited unless prejudicial error is

obvious). We discern no obvious error from the record on this point.

In sum, our careful review of the record before us confirms that the district court’s

findings of fact support its decision to award attorney fees to Lighthouse, and thus its

decision, based on those findings, was not an abuse of discretion. Therefore, we affirm the

district court’s decision to grant Lighthouse’s request for reimbursement of attorney fees

from the trust without allowing Bjorkman additional discovery.

Affirmed.

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