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“Probable cause exists when there are facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that the vehicle contains contraband.” (quotation omitted).

“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case.”

“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case,” including the “reasonable inferences that [law enforcement] officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience .”

“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case.”

(quotations and citations omitted).

d 768, 771 (Minn. 2016) (“We review de novo a trial court’s determination of probable cause as it relates to a warrantless search.”).

When assessing whether probable cause existed, “the totality of the circumstances includes reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience, because police officers may interpret circumstances differently than untrained persons.”

The totality of the circumstances that may be considered “includes reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience.”

Under the automobile exception, “police may search a car without a warrant, including closed containers in that car, if there is probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” State v. Lester , (quotation omitted).

The automobile exception provides that “the police may search a car without a warrant, including closed containers in that car, if there is probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” State v. Lester , (quotation omitted).

(“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case.”); (“[T]he totality-of-the-circumstances analysis .

“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case,” which “includes reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience.”

d 768, 771 (Minn. 2016).

“A search conducted without a warrant is unreasonable unless it satisfies one of the well- delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement.” (quotation omitted).

Although the totality of circumstances may include the “reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience,” assessing probable cause is “an objective inquiry.”

The automobile exception authorizes police to search a vehicle without a warrant following a stop “if there is probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” (quotation omitted).

“A search conducted without a warrant is unreasonable unless it satisfies one of the well- delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement.”

“A search conducted without a warrant is unreasonable unless it satisfies one of the well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement.” (quotation omitted).

“[T]he totality of the circumstances includes reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience, because police officers may interpret circumstances differently than untrained persons.”

Law enforcement may conduct a warrantless search of a vehicle “if there is probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” (quotation omitted).

15 when there are facts and circumstances sufficient to warrant a reasonably prudent person to believe that the vehicle contains contraband.” (quotation omitted).

The officer testified that he had been involved in thousands of traffic stops and roadside accidents and had “never seen a motorist attempt to conceal their person from [him] in that manner.” (noting that police officers may draw reasonable inferences “based on their training and experience”).

One such exception permits a police officer to search a vehicle without a warrant if there is “probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” State v. Lester , (quotation omitted).

“Probable cause is an objective inquiry that depends on the totality of the circumstances in each case.”

“It is a common-sense, nontechnical concept that involves the factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.” (quotations omitted).

9 technicians, act.” (quotations omitted).

5 Here, we note that the district court had no record from which it could have made any determination about the status or nature of Fohrenkam’s 5 See, 631 (Minn. 2018) (pat-frisk, community- caretaker, and exigent-circumstances exceptions); (automobile exception); (search incident to lawful arrest); -54 (Minn. 2003) (actual-authority-to-consent, apparent-authority-to-consent, plain-view, and inevitable- discovery exceptions).

Under this exception, a police officer may search a vehicle without a warrant if there is “probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” d 768, 771 (Minn. 2016) (quotation omitted).

Whether probable cause exists is an objective inquiry that requires courts to consider the totality of the circumstances and facts, -72 (Minn. 2011), including “reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience,”

One exception to the warrant requirement is the “automobile exception,” under which a police officer may search a vehicle without a warrant, including closed containers in that vehicle, if there is “probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” (quotations omitted).

at 168-69 (), that must be particularized and individualized to the suspect

Under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement, “the police may search a car without a warrant, including closed containers in that car, if there is probable cause to believe the search will result in a discovery of evidence or contraband.” (quotation omitted).

“[T]he totality of the circumstances includes reasonable inferences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience.”

(“We review de novo a trial court’s determination of probable cause as it relates to a warrantless search”); (holding that when facts are not in dispute, this court reviews a suppression order de novo to determine whether police articulated

“A search conducted without a warrant is unreasonable unless it satisfies one of the well-delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement.” (quotation omitted).

“[T]he totality of the circumstances includes reasonable infe rences that police officers draw from facts, based on their training and experience, because police officers may interpret circumstances differently than untrained persons.” State v. Lester